• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 1996

A quadrilateral-triangular mixed grid method for the solution of incompressible viscous flow is presented. The solution domain near the body surface is meshed using elliptic grid geneator to acculately simulate the viscous flow. On the other hand, we used unstructured triangular grid system generated by advancing front technique of a simple automatic grid generation algorithm in the rest of the computational domain. The present method thus is capable of not only handling complex geometries but providing accurate solutions near body surface. The numerical technique adopted here is PISO type finite element method which was developed by the present author. Investigations have been made of two-dimensional unsteady flow of Re=550 past a circular cylinder. In the case of use of the unstructured grid only, there exists a considerable amount of difference with the existing results in drag coefficient and vorticity at the cylinder surface; this may be because of the lack of the grid clustering to the surface that is a inevitable requirement to resolve the viscous flow. However, numerical results on the mixed grid show good agreements with the earlier computations and experimental data.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.547-565
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• 2014

This paper investigates the design of a perfect point load actuator based on flat triangular piezoelectric patches. Applying a difference of electric potential between the electrodes of a triangular patch leads to point loads at the tips and distributed moments along the edges of the electrodes. The previously derived analytical expressions of these forces show that they depend on two factors: the width over height (b/l) ratio of the triangle, and the ratio of the in-plane piezoelectric properties ($e_{31}/e_{32}$) of the active layer of the piezoelectric patch. In this paper, it is shown that by a proper choice of b/l and of the piezoelectric properties, the moments can be cancelled, so that if one side of the triangle is clamped, a perfect point load actuation can be achieved. This requires $e_{31}/e_{32}$ to be negative, which imposes the use of interdigitated electrodes instead of continuous ones. The design of two transducers with interdigitated electrodes for perfect point load actuation on a clamped plate is verified with finite element calculations. The first design is based on a full piezoelectric ceramic patch and shows superior actuation performance than the second design based on a piezocomposite patch with a volume fraction of fibres of 86%. The results show that both designs lead to perfect point load actuation while the use of an isotropic PZT patch with continuous electrodes gives significantly different results.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.895-900
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• 2015

This study is to identify the elements, the types and the degrees of intimacy for animation character by the intimacy process through viewer. Firstly it is identified the element of intimacy by 1)Viewing, 2)Purchasing, and 3)Visiting. And secondly utilizing the psychological theory that is the Sternberg's triangular theory of love and then classifying the types and the degrees with the love to animation character in order to establishing the intimacy process. Finally it is considered mainly the type and the degree of intimacy by concept of completion and existence, the elements of intimacy are applied to 8 types of Sternberg's triangular theory of love. Those 8 types were compounded by those three elements of love. The results of study said that type 1.2.3 are uncompleted and low of the intimacy level, and type 4.5.6 are also uncompleted and average of the intimacy level, type 7 is completed and high of the intimacy level, and finally type 8 is nothing and no level. And the degree of intimacy is to be revealed by the relative comparison. It was concluded that the three elements have to be equally effects to animation character for establishing the high level of intimacy.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.74 no.3
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• pp.407-423
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• 2020

The pre-peak cyclic shear mechanism of two-order asperity degradation of rock joints in the direct shear tests with static constant normal loads (CNL) are investigated using experimental and numerical methods. The laboratory testing rock specimens contains the idealized and regular two-order triangular-shaped asperities, which represent the specific geometrical conditions of natural and irregular waviness and unevenness of rock joint surfaces, in the pre-peak cyclic shear tests. Three different shear failure patterns of two-order triangular-shaped rock joints can be found in the experiments at constant horizontal shear velocity and various static constant normal loads in the direct and pre-peak cyclic shear tests. The discrete element method is adopted to simulate the pre-peak shear failure behaviors of rock joints with two-order triangular-shaped asperities. The rock joint interfaces are simulated using a modified smooth joint model, where microscopic scale slip surfaces are applied at contacts between discrete particles in the upper and lower rock blocks. Comparing the discrete numerical results with the experimental results, the microscopic bond particle model parameters are calibrated. Effects of cyclic shear loading amplitude, static constant normal loads and initial waviness asperity angles on the pre-peak cyclic shear failure behaviors of triangular-shaped rock joints are also numerically investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.195-203
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• 2015

In this paper, the dynamic behavior of wrinkled triangular solar sail was studied by finite element analysis. The analysis was proceeded first by performing static wrinkle analysis under tensile corner load on sail membrane, and then performing modal analysis. The membrane element method with wrinkle algorithm and the shell element post-buckling analysis method were used to account for the wrinkle deformation and the results were compared for analysis methods throughly. The comparison was also made to that without wrinkle consideration to investigate the effect of wrinkle deformation on the results. Cases with various loading cable angles were analyzed and the results were systematically examined.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1993.07b
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• pp.935-937
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• 1993

This paper presents a three dimensional automatic mesh generation scheme for the boundary element method, and this scheme can be applicable to practical problems of complex shape. The geometry of the problem is expressed as an assemblage of linear Coon's surfaces, and each surface is made up of four edge curves which are defined in the form of a parametric function. Curves are automatically segmented according to their characteristics. With these segments of curves, interior points and triangular mesh elements are generated in the parametric plane using Lindholm's method, and then their projection on the real surface forms the initial mesh. The refinement of initial mesh is performed so that the discrete triangular planes are close to the real continuous surfaces. The bisection method is used for the refinement. Finally, interior points in the refined mesh are rearranged so as to make each element be close with an equilateral triangle. An attempt has been made to apply the proposed method to a DY(Deflection Yoke) model.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2012

In this study, we suggest a method for material property evaluation by dual-triangular pyramidal indenters using the reverse analysis. First, we demonstrated that load-displacement curves of conical and triangular pyramidal indenters are different for the same material. For this reason, an independent research on the triangular pyramidal indenter is needed. From FE indentation analyses on various materials, we then investigated the relationships among material properties, indentation parameters and load-displacement curves. From this, we established property evaluation formula using dual-triangular pyramidal indenters having two different half-included-angles. The approach provides the values of elastic modulus, yield strength and strain-hardening exponent within an average error of 3% for various materials.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.213-229
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• 2003

A high precision shear deformable triangular element has been proposed for free vibration analysis of composite trapezoidal plates. The element has twelve nodes at the three sides and four nodes inside the element. Initially the element has fifty-five degrees of freedom, which has been reduced to forty-eight by eliminating the degrees of freedom of the internal nodes through static condensation. Plates having different side ratios (b/a), boundary conditions, thickness ratios (h/a=0.01, 0.1 and 0.2), number of layers and fibre angle orientations have been analyzed by the proposed shear locking free element. Trapezoidal laminate with concentrated mass at the centre has also been analyzed. An efficient mass lumping scheme has been recommended, where the effect of rotary inertia has been included. For validation of the present element and formulation few results of isotropic trapezoidal plate and square composite laminate have been compared with those obtained from open literatures. The numerical results for composite trapezoidal laminate have been given as new results.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.151-160
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• 2004

In the present study, Loop scheme is applied to generate smooth surfaces. To be consistent with the limit points of target surface, the initial sampling points are properly rearranged. The pointwise errors of curvature and position in the sequence of subdivision process are evaluated in the Loop subdivision scheme. A first-order shear deformable Loop subdivision triangular element which can handle transverse shear deformation of moderately thick shell are developed. The developed element is more general than the previous one based on classical shell theory, since the new one includes the effect of transverse shear deformation and has standard six degrees of freedom per node. The quartic box spline function is used as interpolation basis function. Numerical examples for the benchmark static shell problems are analyzed to assess the performance of the developed subdivision shell element and locking trouble.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.402-407
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• 2008

We suggest a linear elastic flat shell element based on the HT(hybrid Trefftz) method. We formulate the membrane part of the proposed element as an HT plane element with the drilling DOF. For the bending part, we developed a thick HT plate element that can represent transverse shear deformations accurately. Because we derive both the membrane and the bending parts consistently using the HT functional, we can easily construct the triangular and the quadrilateral elements in a unified way. In addition, warping of quadrilateral element is compensated by force and moment equilibrium equations. We evaluate the performance of the new element in terms of accuracy and convergence.