• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.32-42
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• 2012

Wood biomass including forest residues, waste wood, and construction residuals has been widely generated in Korea, but forest biomass from the National Forest Management Operation Project plays a big role in generating wood biomass. Unfortunately the promotion policy of woody energy organized by the Forest Service in Korea concentrates more on demand creation rather than on supply expansion. Therefore, in order to utilize insufficient wood resources effectively, it is greatly required to develop uses for maximizing their added value. In particular, more attention to the use of the second generation biomass has been paid in foreign countries because there is a threshold that the first generation biomass cannot produce enough biofuel without threatening food supplies and biodiversity. In Korea, wood pellets are regarded as the alternative clean fuels to oils and coals that emit green house gases into the atmosphere. However, using wood as pellet raw materials can not be an economic way because the value of wood disappears right after burning in the boiler in spite of its contribution to the decrease of carbon emission. Differently from wood pellets, kraft pulping process using woody biomass produces black liquor as a by-product which can be used to generate electricity, bioenergy and biochemicals through gasification. Thus, it can be more economical to make a torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass such as low-quality wood and agricultural leftovers as raw materials of pellets.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.588-598
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• 2017

Currently, bioethanol, a fuel additive for transportation, is produced mainly by using biomass (first generation) such as corn and sugar canes. First generation biomass can cause various problems in terms of increase in agricultural prices and ethical reasons. To address these problems, a nonedible lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized. Agricultural byproducts such as straw, bagasse, and forest byproducts from the wood processing industry. Therefore, production of wood based bioethanol can be an effective utilization route of second generation biomass, and its raw materials are more abundant than first generation resources. Furthermore, it is possible to secure cheap raw materials. One of the biggest advantages of using biofuels is that it contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gases by minimizing the environmental impact, unlike fossil fuels. In this study, we investigated the greenhouse gas reduction effects that can be achieved through the use of Lignocellulosic bioethanol and government policies on renewable energy currently being implemented in ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines). In these four countries, policies and incentives related to biofuels have been developed. It is expected that the reduction ratio of carbon dioxide emission and the mixed biofuel will be gradually increased in the future.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2010

Finding alternative and renewable energy sources has become an important goal for plant scientists, especially with the demand for energy increasing worldwide and the supply of fossil fuel being depleted. The most important biofuel to date is bioethanol which is produced from sugars (sucrose and starch) found in corn and sugarcane. Second generation bioethanol is targeting studies that would allow the use of the cell wall (lignocellulose) as a source of carbon by non-food plants. Plant scientists, including breeders, agronomists, physiologists and molecular biologists, are working towards the development of new and improved energy crops especially, how to design crops for bioenergy production and increased biomass generation for biofuel purposes. This review focuses on: i) the current status of first generation bioenergy production, ii) the limitations of first and second generation bioenergy, and iii) ongoing research to overcome challenging issues in second generation bioenergy.

• Plant Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.28-40
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• 2022

As the proportion of renewable energy generation is expected to increase, public power generation businesses need to actively consider implementing the expansion of biomass mixing, In this study, the biomass co-firing rate is being changed from 0wt.% to 5.0wt.% at 500MW coal-fired power plant, measuring the major operation characteristics of the pulverizer. First, the composition analysis and grinding characteristics of lignocelluosic biomass were examined, and the effect of volume increase on dirrerential bowl pressure difference, motor current, coal spillage, outlet temperature, and internal fire count was analyzed. As the co-firing rate increased, it was confirmed that the difference in the differential bowl pressure, motor current, and coal spillage treated increased, and the outlet temperature was minimal. The number of internal fires is difficult to find a clear correlation, but it has been confirmed that it is highly likely to occur in combination with other driving factors.

• Clean Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.435-440
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• 2017

Fast pyrolysis of third generation biomass, including micro- and macroalgae for biofuel production has recently been studied and compared experimentally to first- and second-generation biomass. Compared to microalgae, however, process design and simulation study of macroalgae for scale-up has been rare in literature. In this study, we designed and simulated an industrial scale process for producing diesel range biofuel from brown algae based on bench scale experimental data of fast pyrolysis using a commercial process simulator. During process design, special attention was paid to the process design to accommodate the differences in composition of brown algae compared to terrestrial biomass. The entire process of converting 380,000 tonnes of dry brown algae per year into diesel range biofuel was economically evaluated and the minimum (diesel) selling price was also estimated through techno-economic analysis.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 2013

In this study, oil palm biomass such as empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm kernel shell (PKS) was used as raw materials for making pellets. Hardwood sawdusts were also mixed with EFB and PKS for making pellets. For improving a bad forming behavior in a pelletizer, 1 to 3 per cent of corn starch based on oven-dried weight biomass was added. The starch contributed to the decrease of dust generation in addition to the improvement of forming capability during pellet forming. Heating values of every pellets made of EFB and PKS were higher than 4,300 kcal/kg for the first grade pellet, irrespective of addition of sawdusts. However, the pellets made of EFB and PKS had ash contents over 3 per cent, which made it impossible to be applied for home use. Instead, they could be applied for industrial use. For studying their combustion characteristics, the pellets from the mixtures of EFB, PKS and sawdusts were analyzed using thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). From the TGA results, thermal decomposition of EFB and PKS occurred following three including endothermic reaction and dehydration, devolatilization of the major chemical components, and finally combustion of residual lignin and char.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 2008

The aim of this research was to detect and observe delivering generation effects from $F_0$ generation exposed to 4-nonylphenol 4NP) to $F_1$ generation on Tigriopus japonicus. The nauplius survival rate of $F_1$ from $F_0$ exposed to low 4NP concentration was significantly lower than other concentrations. Among the developmental process, copepodite first emergence day (CE) and adult male first emergence day (ME) on $F_1$ were accelerated relatively high concentration conditions. The sex ratio of $F_1$ was different between control group and treatment groups for 1, 10 and $30{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ 4NP. The fecundity of $F_1$ was not significantly affected (except, $0.1{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ 4NP). When 4NP concentrations were increased, first brooding day (FB) of F 1 was generally delayed. The length, width, and biomass of $F_1$ adult female were smaller than control group. In addition, the width and biomass of adult male were narrower or smaller than control group.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.248-255
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• 2020

In this study, we analyze the current state of domestic food waste (FW) recycling and propose a management plan for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. First, the composting potential of the GW demonstrates considerable promise. In particular, the GW (phytoplankton, periphyton, macrophyte, etc.) as a third-generation biomass shows strong performance as a functional additive that mitigates the disadvantages associated with composting FW and improves the quality of the final composted product. Alternatively, the final product (e.g., soil ameliorant) can be used to produce bio-filters that are effective pollutant buffers, with high applicability for green infrastructure. The proposed ecological approaches create new opportunities for FW as a resource for the reduction of GHG emissions, and are expected to contribute to the establishment of effective net-zero carbon systems in the future.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.369-377
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• 2010

To characterize ecotoxicological responses to a natural estrogen, $17{\beta}$-estradiol, we evaluated the life-history of the parental ($F_0$) and first generation ($F_1$) of the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato. We evaluated the survival of nauplii and copepodites, the number of days until the emergence of copepodites and adult males, the sex ratio, brooding success, and the first brooding day of adult females. No significant differences in the survival rate were noted in response to treatments with different concentrations of $17{\beta}$-estradiol. However, $17{\beta}$-estradiol induced developmental delay and skewed the sex ratio toward males. Copepod development was delayed significantly in the 0.1 and $1\;{\mu}g\;l^{-1}$ $17{\beta}$-estradiol treatment groups relative to the control group, with a more pronounced delay in the $F_1$ group. Body length and biomass were significantly smaller in the $17{\beta}$-estradiol treated groups than in the controls. The male emergence of T. japonicus s.l. was very high in the 10 and $30\;{\mu}g\;l^{-1}$ $17{\beta}$-estradiol treatment group. Furthermore, exposure to $17{\beta}$-estradiol resulted in morphological deformities such as shrinking and swelling of the urosome, twisted setae of the caudal rami, setal loss of swimming legs, abnormal segmentation of antennules, and dwarfism.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.233-244
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• 2012

Purpose: The kinetic evaluation was performed for swine manure (SM) degradation and biogas generation. Methods: The SM was anaerobically digested using batch digesters at feed to inoculum ratio (F/I) of 1.0 under mesophilic conditions ($36.5^{\circ}C$). The specific gas yield was expressed in terms of gram total chemical oxygen demand (mL/g TCOD added) and gram volatile solids added (mL/g VS added) and their effectiveness was discussed. The biogas and methane production were predicted using first order kinetic model and the modified Gompertz model. The critical hydraulic retention time for biomass washout was determined using Chen and Hashimoto model. Results: The biogas and methane yield from SM was 346 and 274 mL/ TCOD added, respectively after 100 days of digestion. The average methane content in the biogas produced from SM was 79% and $H_2S$ concentration was in the range of 3000-4108 ppm. It took around 32-47 days for 80-90% of biogas recovery and the TCOD removal from SM was calculated to be 85%. When the specific biogas and methane yield from SM (with very high TVFA concentration) was expressed in terms of oven dried volatile solids (VS) basis, the gas yield was found to be over estimated. The difference in the measured and predicted gas yield was in the range of 1.2-1.5% when using first order kinetic model and 0.1% when using modified Gompertz model. The effective time for biogas production ($T_{Ef}$) from SM was calculated to be in the range of 30-45 days and the critical hydraulic retention time ($HRT_{Critical}$) for biomass wash out was found to be 9.5 days. Conclusions: The modified Gompertz model could be better in predicting biogas and methane production from SM. The HRT greater than 10 days is recommended for continuous digesters using SM as feedstock.