• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.1161-1167
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• 1999

To investigate the effect of diazepam on fetal development in pregnant rats, this experiment was performed in eighty Sprague-Dawley female rats which were 8 weeks old and grouped into two according to different diazepam treatment period during 5-9 days of gestation and 10-14 days of gestation. Both experimental groups were included by saline treated groups (control) and diazepam-treated groups (6mg, 12mg and 24mg), respectively. Diazepam was injected to pregnant rats subcutaneously, which were sacrified on 20 days of gestation and mean litter size, fetal body weight, fetal crown-rump length (CRL) and pathological findings were examined. 1. Concerning mean litter size, diazepam-treated groups showed lower mean litter size than control in both 5-9 days and 10-14 days of gestation groups(p < 0.05) without difference according to dosage of diazepam and day of gestation. 2. Concerning fetal body weight, diazepam-treated groups during 5-9 days of gestation showed lower fetal body weight than control and the other treated group during 10-14 days(p < 0.01) without difference according to dosage of diazepam. Diazepam-treated group during 10-14 days of gestation showed no difference among experimented groups. 3. Concerning fetal crown-rump length (CRL), diazepam-treated groups during 5-9 days of gestation showed shorter CRL than control and the other treated group during 10-14 days of gestation(p < 0.01) without difference according to dosage of diazepam. 4. Reduction of mean litter size, fetal body weight and CRL was shown from when treated by the dosage of 6mg/kg of diazepam. 5. Maternal mortality according to dosage of the 20mg/kg of diazepam were 30% and 20% in the treated group during 5-9 days and 10-14 days of gestation, respectively. These results indicated that diazepam treatment in pregnant rats caused considerable reduction of mean litter size, fetal body weight and fetal crown-rump length when treated during 5-9 days of gestation.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.937-954
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• 2010

This study analyzes the body characteristics of Korean obese women using 2004 Size Korea data. For selecting the obesity sample, 7 obesity judgment indices were chosen from previous clothing-related studies. A total of 636 females defined as "obese" by 5 out of 7 indices were selected as subjects for this study. 54 body measurements and obesity judgment indices were used. First, the subjects had a BMI 27.11, R$\ddot{o}$hrer index 1.76, Vervaeck index 104.77, Relative weight 133.00, and WHR 0.90. In the case of the distribution by age groups, the twenties were 6.4% of the entire subjects, the thirties were 18.2%, the forties were 16.4%, the fifties were 37.4%, and the sixties were 21.5%. The result of the ANOVAs (divided into 5 age groups) showed significant differences in 41 measurement items except for bust circumference, waist length front, and all of obesity judgment indices. Second, according to the ANOVAs among stature groups divided by 5cm pitches there are significant differences in all measurements except for bust circumference. The results of the ANOVAs among bust circumference groups divided by 5cm pitches show that significant differences were observed in all measurements except four measurement items (including body rise). According to the ANOVAs among the waist circumference groups divided by 5cm pitches, there are no significant differences in all height measurements and shoulder length, waist to hip length, and crotch length. It is confirmed that stature and bust circumference have a deep relationship with measurements other than waist circumference. Third, as the factor analysis were conducted using 39 measurement items to extract the body characteristics of obese women Factor 1 is "circumference measurements & obesity judgment indices," Factor 2 is "heights & arm-related lengths," and Factor 3 is "size and ratio of waist circumference & hip circumference." Factor 4 was "lengths in upper body," Factor 5 was "back width in upper body," Factor 6 was "side neck point to bust & bust circumference," Factor 7 was "length in lower body & arm circumferences," and Factor 8 was "neck base circumference & front widths in upper body." These 8 factors explained 76.54% of the total variance.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.384-388
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• 2004

This study presents parametric studies for design of tiling mechanism to be used in 180km/h tilting train. The titling mechanism is composed of 4 links, a tilting bolster and an electro-mechanical actuator. First we have determined the installation height of tilting actuator using 3D tilting bogie modeling. Secondary, we verified movements of the tiling center and train body CG along variation of upper and lower span length. From this study, we obtained the upper and lower span length to minimize the lateral and vertical motion of CG of train body. Finally, we evaluated the tilting actuator force and power required to tilt the train body to $\pm$8$^{\circ}$.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.15-34
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• 2007

This study held a questionnaire for men in their 60s or above to analyze the market research of slacks, understand the characteristics of their lower body types, and provide the basic data for the slacks pattern-making fitting the body types of senior citizens. The findings are as follows. According to the results of a questionnaire, elderly men preferred order-made slacks for better fitness, but they favored ready-made owing to the matter of prices. In particular, the girth of waist was the most considered when purchasing. However, as most customers tended to repair slacks length and the waist part, their unsatisfaction with sizes was rather high. In body measurements, elderly men had higher variable coefficients or more individual differences in the items of thickness and angles than in those of height, length, and girth. Factor analysis revealed 5 front and 6 side factors. According to the results of front-side somatotype analysis, pimento-flat, trapezoid-flat, and bent-flat types require narrower pattern designs in down-upper width than the middle-aged class. In addition, pimento-protruded hip and straight-jar types need to be designed in the same amount as in the middle-aged class. Based on the questionnaire results, down-upper length as 1cm above real dimensions was analyzed to have superior sense of wearing.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.27-39
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• 2018

This study analyzed the body shape of women over 70 years and classified their body shapes in order to provide basic data for the development of pants patterns that can complement the weakness of the body shape of elderly women. It were analyzed using SPSS Ver. 20.0. Five factors were extracted from the lower body: obesity and thigh thickness, lower body length, under knee thickness, ankle height, and hip sag. In type 1, the lower body was obese and the legs were thick, but the hips were not sagging. It was named 'high-hip obesity figure'. Type 2's abdomen, hip, and waist were obese, but the legs were thin and the hip were not sagging. Thus, 'bird-leg middle obesity figure' was the name. Type 3 had a long and slender lower body, but legs were thick and the hips were saggy, it was named 'strong-leg low-hip slender figure'. The elderly women showed less difference in waist, abdomen, and hip circumference. The abdominal circumference was 2-3cm more than the waist and hip circumference; hence there is a need to differentiate the shape and number of darts in the production of bottom-wear patterns for older women. In addition, the leg circumference is gradually reduced by aging compared to the size of the lower body. Therefore, it would be necessary to search for a method that can effectively design the difference between the hip circumference and the leg circumference in relation to the body shape and the aesthetics of older women.

• 복식
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.58-71
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine the increments of body measurements of the teenage boys between the ages of 13 and 18 and provide a fundamental data for apparel manufacturers in order for them to make clothing that reflect the appropriate body characteristics of the teenage boys. The total of 1587 male subjects between the ages of 13 and 18, from the 5th Anthropometric survey of Korea (Size Korea) data, were used for this study. The changes in the body dimensions were analyzed with anthropometric measurements and anthropometric index mesurements. First, anthropometric measurement results show that most of the height related measurements increased in accordance with age, and that the boys between the ages of 13 and 15 experience dramatic growth. Standard deviation is the largest between the age of thirteen and fourteen which indicates that in these ages there is a wide difference in a growth rate Second, anthropometric index measurement results show that in accordance with age, bust, waist and hip depth/width rate decreased; however, waist and hip depth/width rate increased at the age of 18. In accordance with age, upper body length rate increased, whereas lower body length rate decreased. Bust circumference, armhole length, and upperarm circumference rate increased gradually, whereas waist circumference decreased.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.727-737
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• 2011

Objective: This study aimed to analyze somatotype characteristics of the women of 20's, 30's 40's and 50's and thus to provide the basis for developing pants patterns by the age groups. Background: Despite many previous researches for the somatotype characteristics of adult women, few studies have considered age groups. Method: The data of the $5^{th}$ anthropometry by Size Korea were analyzed for the purpose. The 32 direct body measurements and the 32 indexes of 2,213 women aged 20~59 were analyzed. In order to compare somatotype characteristics among the age groups, an ANOVA and a Tukey test were used. Results: The women in 20's were the tallest among the age groups, and had the smallest waist circumference and hip circumference. Their waist breadths were also the narrowest. They had a slim and long body type but their calves were relatively thick. The 30's women were smaller, shorter with the height and length items than the 20's were. They were bigger, wider and deeper with the circumference, breadth and depth items than the 20's were and they were heavier. On the other hand, their hip circumference and crotch length were in the same group as the women in 20's. The crotch length(omphalion) of the 40's women was the longest among all the age groups and the crotch length(natural indentation) of the 40's women was in the same as the women in 50's. The women in 50's were the smallest and heaviest among all the age groups. The difference between their hip circumferences and waist circumferences was the smallest. They had an obese abdomen and sagged hips. Conclusions: The somatotype characteristics of the age groups were significantly different, and thus it is suggested to develop skirt and pants patterns for each age group. Application: The skirt and pants patterns for the somatotype characteristics of the women by age groups will be developed through the body feature data of this study.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.1000-1009
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• 2013

Well-fitting riding breeches provide a comfortable ride. Horse-riding breeches should fit the lower body with patches located on the inside of hip and knees to prevent tears and slips. This study provides information about the fit of women's breeches using 3D human body scan data wearing commercially available two breeches according to posture. To get information about breeches fit, we measured the angle of waist line, the length, and the area of the breeches fit on four 20's women. This research showed the problem which was down for waist back line in the case of the horseback riding pose. The back waistline of the riding breeches should be raised compared to the front waistline; subsequently, an increased waistline angle results in less back waistline decrease. The breeches have plenty of length from back waist to crotch so the breech fit can be improved. The thigh circumference increased when riding in the front; therefore, good elasticity of the weft direction of the fabric is recommended. The length increase and the peripheral increase of the front knee significantly increased the surface area of the knee; consequently, knee patch material should be a two-way elastic fabric in all directions to enhance comfort according to riding motion.

• 복식
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• 제40권
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• pp.95-107
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• 1998

The purpose of this research paper is to offer basic data for cloth design which is intended to apply appropriate shape and catacity to cloth. Followings are the analyzed result of investigation which was conducted to figure out the character of middle aged from 35 to 59 years old-women body especially in lower half of their body. 177 women took part in this investigation. 1. As a result of analyzed characters for middle aged women body shape, taking a side view of body, there are great variance in thickness coefficient which indicates the size of body. 2. According to a comparison result of early middle aged women body shape with late middle aged women body shape, the value in height items get shorter otherwise the value in thickness items get longer getting older. It means late middle aged women are relatively fat. 3. For the analysis of women body especially in lower half, 8 factors were used. They are as followings. Factor 1. Side thickness of lower half. Factor 2. Width of lower half. Factor 3. Height of lower half Factor 4. Droop of underbelly Factor 5. Salient rate of buttocks. Factor 6. Length of buttocks. Factor 7. Salient rate of underbelly. Factor 8. Droop of buttocks 4. Lower half shapes of middle aged women were divided into three groups and the character of each group are as followings. 〈Group 1〉65.0% of women who took part in this investigation have this type of body shape. They have long value in height items and thickness items. 〈Group 2〉16.4% of women who take part in this investigation were belonged to this group. The value in height items were not so different from group 1 but the thickness value are shorter than group 1. Women of group 2 have slime body shape. 〈Group 3〉18.6% of women were belonged to group 3. They show the shortest value in height items otherwise the longest value in thickness items. Therefore they are the smallest and the fattest group in this investigation.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.650-659
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• 2020

The present study provides reference data required for the design of clothing for the elderly by analyzing the body surface area during fitness motion based on 3D scan data of Korean elderly women. This study was conducted with the procedures of (1) survey of motions and main muscles for fitness, (2) acquisition of 3D scan data, and (3) analysis of rate of change for body surface area during fitness motion. Acquisition of 3D body scan data was obtained from seven elderly females (age: 64-77). We selected 66 anatomical landmarks (40 upper body and 22 lower body) by referring to previous studies. Body surface was segmented by connecting the landmarks marked on the 3D scan data acquired. Analysis of body surface area was conducted in terms of the change rate of surface area in 9 postures of elbow 0°, 90° and 180° for flexion, shoulder 90°, 180° for flexion, shoulder 0°, 180° for abduction, hip 90° for flexion, and knee 90° for flexion compared to the those in the standing posture. The amount of changes in body surface area were 12%-62% in the upper body, 15%-77% in the arm, and 10%-51% in the lower body. A future study on the rate of change of body surface length is needed; in addition, a study on how to apply the results of body surface area and body surface length analysis to clothing pattern design is also necessary.