• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.401-410
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• 2009

Purpose : Pelvis and lumbar spine radiography, among various types of diagnostic radiography, include gonads of the human body and give patients high radiation dose. Nevertheless, diagnostic reference levels for patient radiation dose in pelvis and lumbar spine radiography has not yet been established in Korea. Therefore, the radiation dose that patients receive from pelvis and lumbar radiography is measured and the diagnostic reference level on patient radiation dose for the optimization of radiation protection of patients in pelvis and lumbar spine radiography was established. Methods : The conditions and diagnostic imaging information acquired during the time of the postero-anterior view of the pelvis and the postero-anterior and lateral view of the lumbar spine at 125 medical institutions throughout Korea are collected for analysis and the entrance surface dose received by patients is measured using a glass dosimeter. The diagnostic reference levels for patient radiation dose in pelvis and lumbar spine radiography to be recommended to the medical institutes is arranged by establishing the dose from the patient radiation dose that corresponds to the 3rd quartile values as the appropriate diagnostic reference level for patient radiation dose. Results : According to the results of the assessment of diagnostic imaging information acquired from pelvis and lumbar spine radiography and the measurement of patient entrance surface dose taken at the 125 medical institutes throughout Korea, the tube voltage ranged between 60~97 kVp, with the average use being 75 kVp, and the tube current ranged between 8~123 mAs, with the average use being 30 mAs. In the posteroanterior and lateral views of lumbar spine radiography, the tube voltage of each view ranged between 65~100 kVp (average use: 78 kVp) and 70~109 kVp (average use: 87 kVp), respectively, and the tube current of each view ranged between 10~100 mAs(average use: 35 mAs) and between 8.9~300 mAs(average use: 64 mAs), respectively. The measurements of entrance surface dose that patients receive during the pelvis and lumbar spine radiography show the following results: in the posteroanterior view of pelvis radiography, the minimum value is 0.59 mGy, the maximum value is 12.69 mGy and the average value is 2.88 mGy with the 1st quartile value being 1.91 mGy, the median being 0.59 mGy, and the 3rd quartile value being 3.43 mGy. Also, in the posteroanterior view of lumbar spine radiography, the minimum value is 0.64 mGy, the maximum value is 23.84 mGy, and the average value is 3.68 mGy with the 1st quartile value being 2.41 mGy, the median being 3.40 mGy, and the 3rd quartile value being 4.08 mGy. In the lateral view of lumbar spine radiography, the minimum value is 1.90 mGy, the maximum value is 45.42 mGy, and the average value is 10.08 mGy with the 1st quartile value being 6.03 mGy, the median being 9.09 mGy and the 3rd quartile value being 12.65 mGy. Conclusions : The diagnostic reference levels for patient radiation dose to be recommended to the medical institutes in Korea is 3.42 mGy for the posteroanterior view of pelvis radiography, 4.08 mGy for the posteroanterior view of lumbar spine radiography, and 12.65 mGy for the lateral view of lumbar spine radiography. Such values are all lower than the values recommended by 6 international organizations including World Health Organization, where the recommended values are 10 mGy for the posteroanterior view of pelvis radiography, 10 mGy for the posteroanterior view of lumbar spine radiography and 30 mGy for the lateral view of lumbar spine radiography.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.214-221
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• 2008

Purpose: We make a qualitative analysis of whether Fusion SPECT/CT can find lesion's anatomical sites better than existing SPECT or not, and we want to show the usefulness of SPECT/CT through finding out effects of CT attenuation correction on SPECT images. Materials and Method: 1. The evaluation of fusion images: This study comprised patients who was tested $^{131}I$-MIBG, Bone, $^{111}In$-Octreotide, Meckel's diverticulum, Parathyroid MIBI with Precedence 16 or Symbia T2 from 2008 Jan to Aug. We compared SPECT/CT image with non fusion image and make a qualitative analysis. 2. The evaluation of attenuation correction: We classified 38 patients who was tested 201Tl myocardial exam with Symbia T2 into 5 sections by using Cedars Sinai' QPS program - Ant, Inf, Lat, Septum, Apex. And we showed each section's perfusion states by percentage. We compared the each section's perfusion-states differences between CT AC and Non AC by average${\pm}$standard deviation. Results: 1. The evaluation of fusion images : In high energy $^{131}I$ cases, it was hard to grasp exact anatomical lesions due to difference between regions and surrounding lesions' uptake level. After combining with CT, we could grabs anatomical lesion more exactly. And in meckel's diverticulum case or to find lesions around bowels or organs with $^{111}In$ cases, it demonstrates its superiority. Bone SPECT/CT images help to distinguish between disk spaces certainly and give correct results. 2. The evaluation of attenuation correction: There is no significant difference statistically in Ant and Lat (p>0.05), but there is a meaningful difference in Inferior, Apex and Septum (p<0.05). AC perfusion at inferior wall in the 5 sections of myocardium: The perfusion difference between Non AC perfusion image ($68.58{\pm}7.55$) and CT corrected perfusion image ($76.84{\pm}6.52$) was the largest by $8.26{\pm}4.95$ (p<0.01, t=10.29). Conclusion: Nuclear medicine physicians can identify not only molecular image which shows functional activity of lesions but also anatomical location information of lesions with more accuracy using the combination of SPECT and CT systems. Of course this combination helps nuclear medicine physician find out the abnormal parts. Moreover combined data sets help separate between normal group and abnormal group in complicated body part. So clinicians can carry out diagnosis and treatment planning at the same time with a single test image. In addition, when we examine a myocardium in thorax where attenuation can occur easily, we can trust perfusion more in a certain region in SPECT test because CT provides the capability for accurate attenuation correction. In these reasons, we think we can prove the justice after treatment fusion image.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 1982

Sardine and mackerel so called dark muscled fish have been underutilized due to the disadvantages in bloody meat color, high content of fat, and postmortem instability of protein. Recent efforts were made to overcome these defects and develope new types of product such as texturized protein concentrates and dark muscle eliminated minced fish. Approach of this study is based on the rapid dehydration of foamed fish-starch paste by dielectric heating. In process comminuted sardine meat was washed more than three times by soaking and decanting in chilled water and finally centrifuged. The meat was ground in a stone mortar added Ivith adequate amounts of salt, foaming agent, and other ingredients for aid to elasticity and foam stability. The ground meat paste was extruded in finger shape and heated in a microwave oven to give foamed, expanded, and porous solid structure by dehydration. Dielectric onstant $(\varepsilon')$ and dielect.ic loss $(\varepsilon")$ values of sardine meat paste were influenced by wavelength and moisture level. Those values at 100 KHz and 15 MHz were ranged 2.25-9.86; 2.22-4,18 for E' and 0.24-19.24; 0.16-1.20 for E", respectively, at the moisture levels of $4.2-13.8\%$. For a formula for fish-starch paste preparation, addition of $20-30\%$ starch (potato starch) to the weight of fish meat, $2-4\%$ salt, and $5-10\%$ soybean protein was adequate to yield 4-5 folds of expansion in volume when heated. Addition of e99 yolk was of benefit to micronize foam size and better crispness. In order to provide better foaming and dehydration, addition of $0.2-0.5\%$sodium bicarbonate, foaming agent, was proper to result in foam size of 0.5-0.7 mm and foam density of $200-400\;/cm^2$ which gave a good crispness. Heating time was depended upon the moisture level of fish-starch paste. For a finger shaped paste (1.0cm. $D\times10cm.L$) heating for 150-200 sec. in a microwave oven (700W. 2.45GHz) was sufficient to generate foams, expand, and solidify the porous structure of fish-starch paste. When the moisture content was above $55\%$ browning and scorching was deepened due to over-expansion and over-heating whereas the crispness was hardened by insufficient expansion at lower moisture content. In quality evaluation of the product, chemical composition of $30\%$ starch and $3\%$ salt added product was moisture $8.8\%$, lipid $2.4\%$, carbohydrate $46.7\%$, protein $36.1\%$, and ash $6.0\%$. Eleven membered panel test evaluated that fish-starch paste was acceptable in color, crisp-ness, taste, except a trace of fishy odour which could be masked by the addition of spice extracts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.878-885
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• 2017

Objective: Glucose is an essential fuel in the energy metabolism and synthesis pathways of all mammalian cells. In lactating animals, glucose is the major precursor for lactose and is a substrate for the synthesis of milk proteins and fat in mammary secretory (alveolar) epithelial cells. However, clear utilization of glucose in mammary cells during lactogenesis is still unknown, due to the lack of in vitro analyzing models. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the reliability of the mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cell as an in vitro study model for glucose metabolism and lactating system. Methods: Undifferentiated MAC-T cells were cultured in three types of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with varying levels of glucose (no-glucose: 0 g/L, low-glucose: 1 g/L, and high-glucose: 4.5 g/L) for 8 d, after which differentiation to casein secretion was induced. Cell proliferation and expression levels of apoptotic genes, Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptor, oxytocin receptor, ${\alpha}S1$, ${\alpha}S2$, and ${\beta}$ casein genes were analyzed at 1, 2, 4, and 8 d after differentiation. Results: The proliferation of MAC-T cells with high-glucose treatment was seen to be significantly higher. Expression of apoptotic genes was not affected in any group. However, expression levels of the mammary development related gene (IGF1 receptor) and lactation related gene (oxytocin receptor) were significantly higher in the low-glucose group. Expressions of ${\alpha}S1-casein$, ${\alpha}S2-casein$, and ${\beta}-casein$ were also higher in the low-glucose treated group as compared to that in the no-glucose and high-glucose groups. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that although a high-glucose environment increases cell proliferation in MAC-T cells, a low-glucose treatment to MAC-T cells induces higher expression of casein genes. Our results suggest that the MAC-T cells may be used as an in vitro model to analyze mammary cell development and lactation connected with precise biological effects.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.783-790
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• 2008

Campbell juice (25%, 50%, 70% and 90%) was blended with different concentrations (10%, 25%, 30% and 50%) of juice from a range of grape varieties including Kyoho, Steuben and MBA. The concentrations of Campbell and the grape variety juices influenced the physicochemical characteristics of the blended grape juice. As the concentration of Campbell juice increased, there was an increase in the mean content of bioactive compounds including total phenolics, anthocyanin and flavonoids, and the radical scavenging activity increased. The treatment containing 25% juice from the various grape varieties had the lowest level of bioactive compounds. A sensory evaluation showed there was no significant difference among the blended juice samples in terms of aroma. The sample comprising 50% Campbell + 50% Kyoho was the most acceptable in terms of taste and overall acceptability, while the sample comprising 90% Campbell + 10% MBA was the most acceptable in terms of color and aroma.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.248-266
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• 2009

The purpose of the research was to find out the difference in students' academic achievement in Technology Education between students with a lecture, those who perform a content-related project after a lecture, and those who carry out a content-related project without a lecture. The results of this study are as follows. First, taking advantage of both a lecture and project-based lesson led to better achievement than using only a project in Technology Education subject of an academic high school in academic achievement in 'knowledge' area. I infer that it is because they reviewed what they had learned in a lecture and the preparation and practice of the project caused them to memorize it. Second, there was not a meaningful difference in academic achievement in 'understanding' area among the group with a lecture, the one with both a lecture and a project, and the one with only a project. However, considering the comparison of averages and the p-value of F-test, I can deduce that the test outcome influences students with a lecture and a project positively in terms of academic achievement. Third, there was not a meaningful difference in the academic achievement in 'adaptation' area among the group with a lecture, the one with a lecture and a project, and the one with a project. I can conclude that those results are because the difficulty level of evaluation was high and they produced a model just by copying textbook contents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.309-317
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• 1988

The effects of $CaCl_2$, K-sorbate, and fermented fish sauces and blanching on the texture of Chinese cabbage of Kimchi were evaluated. The addition of salt-fermented shrimp or salt-fermented anchovy accelerated the pH reduction, acidity increase and reducing sugar consumption, but K-sorbate, Ca-chloride and blanching suppressed the ripening process of Kimchi. The latter retarded the softening rate of Chinese cabbage during Kimchi fermentation, as demonstrated by the cutting force, compression force, recovered height and work ratio. The sensory evaluation confirmed the results of instrumental texture measurments. The instrumental measurements, i.e. pH, acidity cutting thickness, cutting force and compression test parameters, showed acidity acidity was calculated as % lactic acid attributes, i.e. the preferences for taste, appearance and texture, and the level of crispiness, hardness, chewiness and fibrousness. The pH of Kimchi was appeared to be an important quality parameter, whiih had significant correlations with the taste, appearance, chewiness, hardness, fibrousness and crispiness.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.221-226
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• 1990

Fish flesh of Alaska pollack containing 5% of corn starch were fermented with 8 strains of mold and monitoring of their flavor characteristics, acceptability, nucleotides and their related compounds, amino acid compositions were conducted. All strains were grown vigorously on fish flesh media and formed their characteristic spores with unique flavor by strains. Amino type nitrogen $(NH_2-N)$ content of fermented fish flesh (FFF) were 25-26 times higher than that of raw flesh and 6-15 times higher in extractable nitrogen (Ex-N) content . The strains which produce more ADP (Adenosine 5'-diphosphate) in FFF also showed much higher level of IMP (Inosine 5'-monophosphate) and GMP (Guanosine 5'-monophosphate) content than that of raw flesh. Amino acid composition were differ by strain but lysine was generally highest and arginine, glutamic acid, leucine and alanine in order In review of sensory evaluation , total content of nucleotides, $NH_2-N$, Ex-N and amino acid compositions, suitable strains for fish flesh fermentation were Aspergillus oryzae KFCC 11371, Asp. oryzae KFCC 32343, Penicillium roqueforti KFCC 11269 and Asp. quercinus.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.311-318
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• 2019

We analyzed the preliminary survey data (2014-2016) of macrobenthic community biomass (n = 112) from the wind farm area located in the southern part of the west coast of Korea and compared this data with data from the entire west coast (n = 369; 2006-2008). Modal classes from frequency distributions were 6 times higher in the latter (5 vs. 32 g/㎡). The mean and median values of the latter were 1.3 and 1.7 times higher (mean, 20.7 vs. 27.8 g/㎡; median, 17.1 vs. 29.5 g/㎡), and the maximum value was 3.4 times higher. Mood's median test showed significant difference at p-value = 0.01. We estimated the biomass-to-depth relationships from each data set by using Akaike Information Criterion and regarded the non-overlap of the 95% confidence intervals as indicating significant difference. The biomass was different from a 10 m depth below, and 3 times higher in the west coast at around 20 m compared with the maximum depth of the wind farm area. A local event of catastrophic sedimentation ranging from 1 to 2 m was observed in the wind farm during winter surveys. This could be a probable source of the lower biomass, but information on biomass seasonality and a natural experimental approach seem to be needed for the conduct of further studies. This study is meaningful in that it provided the background to assess future changes by understanding the lower level of benthic productivity in the area. We expect this study will contribute to the preparation of measures that can remove or mitigate the source of the lower biomass and improve the productivity of fishery resources in the area.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.29-29
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• 2009

On this research, laser welding technology for manufacturing automobile body is studied. Laser welding technology is one of the important technologies used in the manufacturing of lighter, safer automotive bodies at a high level of productivity; the leading automotive manufacturers have replaced spot welding with laser welding in the process of car body assembly. Korean auto manufacturers are developing and applying the laser welding technology using a high output power Nd:YAG laser and a 6-axes industrial robot. On the other hand, the robot-based remote laser welding system was equipped with a long focal laser scanner system in robotic end effect. Laser system, robot system, and scanner system are used for realizing the high speed laser welding system. The remote laser welding system and industrial robotic system are used to consist of robot-based remote laser welding system. The robot-based remote laser welding system is flexible and able to improve laser welding speed compared with traditional welding as spot welding and laser welding. The robot-based remote laser systems used in this study were Trumpf's 4kW Nd:YAG laser (HL4006D) and IPG's 1.6kW Fiber laser (YLR-1600), while the robot systems were of ABB's IRB6400R (payload:120kg) and Hyundai Heavy Industry's HX130-02 (payload:130kg). In addition, a study of quality evaluation and monitoring technology for the remote laser welding was conducted. The welding joints of steel plate and steel plate coated with zinc were butt and lapped joints. The quality testing of the laser welding was conducted by observing the shape of the beads on the plate and the cross-section of the welded parts, analyzing the results of mechanical tension test, and monitoring the plasma intensity and temperature by using UV and IR detectors. Over the past years, Trumf's 4kW Nd:YAG laser and ABB's IRB6400R robot system was used. Nowadays, the new laser source, robot and laser scanner system are used to increase the processing speed and to improve the efficiency of processes. This paper proposes the robot-based remote laser welding system as a means of resolving the limited welding speed and accuracy of conventional laser welding systems.