• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.65-90
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• 2017

Rewards or penalties become informative only when contingent on an immediately preceding response. Our goal was to determine if the brain responds differently to motivational events depending on whether they provide feedback with the contingencies effective for learning. Event-related fMRI data were obtained from 22 volunteers performing a visuomotor categorical task. In learning-condition trials, participants learned by trial and error to make left or right responses to letter cues (16 consonants). Monetary rewards (+500) or penalties (-500) were given as feedback (learning feedback). In random-condition trials, cues (4 vowels) appeared right or left of the display center, and participants were instructed to respond with the appropriate hand. However, rewards or penalties (random feedback) were given randomly (50/50%) regardless of the correctness of response. Feedback-associated BOLD responses were analyzed with ANOVA [trial type (learning vs. random) x feedback type (reward vs. penalty)] using SPM8 (voxel-wise FWE p < .001). The right caudate nucleus and right cerebellum showed activation, whereas the left parahippocampus and other regions as the default mode network showed deactivation, both greater for learning trials than random trials. Activations associated with reward feedback did not differ between the two trial types for any brain region. For penalty, both learning-penalty and random-penalty enhanced activity in the left insular cortex, but not the right. The left insula, however, as well as the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, showed much greater responses for learning-penalty than for random-penalty. These findings suggest that learning-penalty plays a critical role in learning, unlike rewards or random-penalty, probably not only due to its evoking of aversive emotional responses, but also because of error-detection processing, either of which might lead to changes in planning or strategy.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.329-350
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• 2019

Productive struggle is a student's persevering effort to understand mathematical concepts and solve challenging problems that are not easily solved, but the problem can lead to curiosity. Productive struggle is a key component of students' learning mathematics with a conceptual understanding, and supporting it in learning mathematics is one of the most effective mathematics teaching practices. In comparison to research on students' productive struggles, there is little research on preservice mathematics teachers' productive struggles. Thus, this study focused on the productive struggles that preservice mathematics teachers face in solving a non-routine mathematics problem. Polya's four-step problem-solving process was used to analyze the collected data. Examples of preservice teachers' productive struggles were analyzed in terms of each stage of the problem-solving process. The analysis showed that limited prior knowledge of the preservice teachers caused productive struggle in the stages of understanding, planning, and carrying out, and it had a significant influence on the problem-solving process overall. Moreover, preservice teachers' experiences of the pleasure of learning by going through productive struggle in solving problems encouraged them to support the use of productive struggle for effective mathematics learning for students, in the future. Therefore, the study's results are expected to help preservice teachers develop their professional expertise by taking the opportunity to engage in learning mathematics through productive struggle.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.25
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• pp.151-183
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• 1993

As many Korean libraries has begun to be automated and become a part of the worldwide, open library system, they need a new management. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the library management in automated libraries and to establish a theory of the library management in information society, The automated libraries could be well explained by the systems theory and the environment of the libraries could be well explained by the contingency theory, The following hypothesis were set to direct this research. 1. As the libraries are automated and become a part of one big, worldwide library system, the libraries interact closely with the environment so that the library and the environment become one. 2. As the libraries are automated and become a part of one big, worldwide library system, the librarians need to work in the environment for the library networks, standardization of cataloging, or government information policy making. 3. As the libraries are automated and become a part of one big, worldwide library system, the librarians only manage the library, The various other library staffs take over the traditional library services directly related to books. The data were gathered from the research done previously, Also the date were collected from the American and Japanese libraries. The findings were as follows: The environment of the library integrated all types of the library services such as school library, university library, etc. And it also integrated all the services of the media centers and the press centers, etc. to library services. And the new library services began in the environment. Librarians worked for these new services. In the library, the librarians distingushed the library system from the environment by planning : mission, goal, objectives, policy, procedures and rules. Library organization became temporary such as forming task forces or matrix or free form. The environment controlled the library. Staffs were controlled by plans or computers. And the professional librarians were controlled by their ability to solve problems raised outside the libraries. Library leaders brought in the technology to the library from its environment. The librarians led the formal and informal organizations so that the staffs cooperated well in their work. And librarians tought the library procedures to the partime workers or the temporary staffs. Participative management and management by objectives were the means of motivating staffs. Budget was based on the ever changing environment. The zero based budget method was applied. Therfore, in the information society, the professional librarians become the able managers in the library and global librarians in the environment.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.279-289
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• 2018

With the launch of the new government in 2017, National Planning and Advisory Committee (NPAC) announced the five-year plan for the government administration and the 100 national tasks. The Ministry of Science and ICT (Information & Communication Technology) (MSIT) and other government agencies issued work plans for 2018, including R&D plans. Analyzing the changes in government policy will be a major task of public research and development institutions. This study analyzed the changes of the R&D policy of the new government and the R&D policy direction and strategic plan of the government departments related to the geoscience and mineral resources in 2018. The results of the analysis are as follows: 1) to lead the innovation growth through the 4th industrial revolution, 2) to supply clean energy and to cope with climate change in the environment and energy field, 3) to improve the quality of life through problem solving in the life of the people and disaster prevention. Considering the investment direction of the government, it is necessary to lead the geoscience and mineral resources R&D to solve problems of the society and to grow by the science and technology.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.77-86
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• 2018

In recent years, the high growth of the Korean society has led to the development of large and small incidents and accidents, while safety regulations, such as the firefighting sector, have been strengthened with the expectation of people desiring safety. This study surveyed the problems and improvement plan of the current operation centered on the fire service public officers in Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon. As a result of the main research, it is necessary to arrange and carry out excellent investigative manpower, such as lawyers and professional career veterans in the fire department, metropolitan city and provincial firefighting headquarters, and frontline fire departments. In particular, it was suggested that a special task force should be established and set up in the above agency, and the planning investigation and enforcement work should be solved through subdivision of the fire special enforcement officer tasks, and the judicial cases that are difficult to be handled by the local fire station. In future research, it will be necessary to study the field of fire - fighting specialists' needs for more specialized education and various disaster field experiences.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2015

Up to the present point in time, the level diagnosis system for urban reactivation have utilized various methods for establishment and management in Korea and overseas, such as city competitiveness evaluation, urban decay diagnosis, etc. However, contrary to performing diagnosis and evaluations on general cities in existing studies, it is found to be a very complex and difficult task to perform a diagnosis on the level of U-City due to its unique characteristics. It is difficult to determine the level of a U-City using a level diagnosis system used for general cities because a U-City is comprised of a connection/fusion of various structural elements. Therefore, in order to perform a systematic diagnosis of a U-City, it is necessary to primarily observe the structural characteristics of a U-city to derive a diagnosis system based on the relativity between each structural element. This study aims to propose a directivity of a U-City level diagnosis system in comprehensive consideration of various elements, such as the objective of a U-City, as well as the structural elements that compose a U-City based on the definitions prescribed in U-City legislations, including ubiquitous city planning, ubiquitous city infrastructure, ubiquitous city technology, services, etc. The results of this study are expected to provide a resolution for the regional quality differences of U-Cities, and also establish a stepping-stone for the realization of U-Cities with high degree of completion.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to observe the realization of pause and breath groups from adult speakers and to examine how gender, generation, and tasks can affect this realization. For this purpose, we analyzed forty-eight male or female speakers. Their generation was divided into two groups: young, old. Task and gender affected both the realization of pause and breath groups. The length of the pause groups was longer in the read speech than in the spontaneous speech and female speech. On the other hand, the length of the breath group was longer in the spontaneous speech and the male speech. In the spontaneous speech, which requires planning, the speaker produced shorter length of pause group. The short sentence length of the reading material influenced the reason for which the length of the breath group was shorter in the reading speech. Gender difference resulted from difference in pause patterns between genders. In the case of the breath groups, the male speaker produced longer duration of pause than the female speaker did, which may be due to difference in lung capacity between genders. On the other hand, generation did not affect either the pause groups or the breath groups. The generation factor only influenced the number of syllables and the eojeols, which can be interpreted as the result of the difference in speech rate between generations.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.1219-1236
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between subject matter knowledge (SMK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for science teachers. To this end, a total of 26 secondary Earth science teachers participated in this study and a concept diagnostic questionnaire and a lesson planning task of atmospheric pressure were devised to give an indication of participating teachers' SMK and PCK, respectively. The results of this study are summarized as follows: First, participating teachers showed a variety of SMK levels about atmospheric pressure. Second, teachers at high level of SMK focused on 'supplementary' and 'fundamental' curriculum contents for in-depth conceptual understanding, but teachers at low level of SMK, on the contrary, stressed 'applicative' curriculum contents. Third, teachers at high level of SMK grasped students' misconceptions and difficulties in learning atmospheric pressure far more concretely than teachers at low level of SMK. Lastly, teachers at high level of SMK showed a tendency to use learner-centered instructional strategy by utilizing students' prior knowledge, but teachers at low level of SMK were inclined toward teacher-directed concept explanation. Based on this study, some implications for effective science teacher preparation programs were also discussed.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.130-154
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanical and metallurgical education (MME) teachers' job using the Developing a Curriculum (DACUM) methodology. To accomplish the purpose of this study, an MME teachers' job/occupational analysis was conducted in the following steps: "Planning the DACUM workshop," "Recruiting/Constructing the DACUM committee members," "Providing the DACUM orientation," "Holding the DACUM workshop," "Verifying the DACUM result," and "Refining the DACUM chart based on verification data." The DACUM job/occupational analysis was conducted by fifteen DACUM committee members in the DACUM workshop in January, 2015; moreover, the DACUM chart of the MME teachers was verified by the group of subject matter experts. The major findings of the study were as follows. First, this study defined the MME teachers who taught mechanical and metallurgical-related subjects to students with the secondary education teacher certification and performed work related to character education, career guidance, life guidance, and others in a specialized high school, the Meister high school. Second, this study determined 16 duties and 199 tasks for fulfilling the MME teachers' job; moreover, the study extracted the importance, difficulty, and frequency of each task and demand for the entry-level workforce. Third, this study provides the DACUM research chart based on the job/occupational analysis results of the MME teachers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.6 s.165
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• pp.879-891
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• 2007

Forecasting is a critical task for fashion companies because of continuous change in fashion and long process lead-time. Therefore, it is of great importance for both scholars and companies to understand how forecasted fashion styles are accepted by consumers. This research aimed to investigate consumer acceptance of fashion styles in Korea. The study examined and compared oversea collections of women's wear to the street fashion in Korea for seven seasons from 02 s/s to 05 s/s. Information on oversea collections were obtained from the magazine, Fashion Show, and the street fashion information from Seoul Fashion Design Center. The results showed that overall trends presented in oversea collections have been well accepted, while acceptance of specific styles or items varied. During the period of this research, sporty style and feminine style were very strong in the street fashion. Many styles and items were modified and selectively accepted probably because of cultural differences and limitations of mass production. Some styles which were presented in oversea collections were not accepted in Korea, and at the same time some cases were observed only in the street fashion in Korea. The results of this study provide guidelines for Korean apparel companies in merchandise planning and empirical findings to deepen the understanding on Korean society with respect to fashion.