• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.587-590
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• 2008

Typically, General contractor in the construction industry can not plan their own of the amount of orders received, and because of the size of wide fluctuations in the amount of annual orders received for equipment or personnel to full-time employment has limits. Therefore, with a vertical division of labor between specialist trades which distributed the risk and the intention to improve the efficiency of production will be. For this reason, the production structure of the general subcontracting relationships are formed. In this way, Depending on the structure of production outsourced management of the project is the impact on the successful completion. Nevertheless, most construction companies do not achieve effective an organized cooperation until now. This study is to understand the actual conditions an organized cooperation between general contractor and specialist trades, and is look at ways to improve with find the complement. This paper is a preliminary study of the leading research based on the present condition of the cooperating companies considered to be the cause. A result of Analysis, the actual conditions in cooperation of the construction industry is staying in an external form of organizational cooperation And were not effective utilization of the organization for the cooperation a production. Specialist trades have had to register as partners for the amount of orders received, the level of practical cooperation was almost no activity to improve a production. in each step an organized cooperation in the construction industry, to improve productivity construction and to create of economic value for the cooperation of production is required.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.41-63
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• 2004

The area covered by product liability in broadest sense is so vast that an attempt to analyse all its impact on the aviation world risk. Every effort has been made to confine our review of subject a closely as possible to its influence on aircraft manufacturers, airlines and passengers, in spite of strong connections with other spheres of commercial. Product Liability in aviation is the liability of aircraft's manufacturer, processor or non-manufacturing seller for injury to the person or property of a buyer or third party caused by a product which has been sold. Here-in a product is aircraft, third party is passengers who suffered damage by defective design, defective construction, inadequate instructions for handling in aircraft. Whenever a product turns out to be defective after it has been sold, there are under Anglo-American law three remedies available against the aircraft's manufacturer (1) liability for negligence (2) breach of warranty (3) strict liability in tort. There are Under continental law Three remedies available against the aircraft's manufacturer (1) liability for defective warranty (2) liability for non-fulfillment of obligation (3) liability in tort. It is worth pointing out here an action for breach of warranty or for defective warranty, for non-fulfillment of obligation is available only to direct purchaser on the basis of his contract with the aircraft's manufacturer, which of course weakness its range and effectiveness. An action for tort offers the advantage of being available also to third parties who have acquired the defective product at a later stage. In tort, obligations are constituted not only by contract, but also by stature and common law. In conclusion, There in no difference in principle of law. In conclusion I would like to make few suggestions regarding the product liability for aircraft's manufacturer. Firstly, current general product liability code does not specify whether government offices(e.g. FAA) inspector conducted the inspection and auditory certificate can qualify as conclusive legal evidence. These need to be clarified. Secondly, because Korea is gaining potential of becoming aircraft's manufacturer through co-manufacturing and subcontracting-manufacturing with the US and independent production, there needs legislation that can harmonize the protection of both aircraft's manufacturers and their injured parties. Since Korea is in primary stage of aviation industry, considerate policy cannot be overlooked for its protection and promotion. Thirdly, because aircraft manufacturers are risking restitution like air-carriers whose scope of restitution have widened to strict and unlimited liability, there needs importation of mandatory liability insurance and national warranty into the product liability for aircraft's manufacturers. Fourthly, there needs domestic legislation of air transportation law that clearly regulates overall legal relationship in air transportation such as carrier & aircraft manufacturer's liability, and aviation insurance.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-43
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• 1995

This paper is the first part of a research which looks into the regional development process and the quality of life of Youngnam area, and which suggests a prospect and tasks for the future development of the region. Youngnam region has grown rapidly on the basis of labor-intensive light industries and standardized Fordist lage-scale heavy industries through the industrialization and urbanization of South Korea from the 1960s; but recently it has shown a relatively downward trend. The recent economic stagnation of Youngnam region can be seen as a result of uneven regional development in the national scale, which has brought out the increasing subcontracting relation within the region, the geographically excessive concentration of firms, the lack of growth potentiality of high-tech industries, the weakness of producer service, and the shortage of financial activities for capital flows. In addition, construction of physical and social infrastructures and management of urban central functions could not meet properly the rapid economic and urban growth of the region. Because of these problematics inherent in the economy of Yougnam region, the occupational status of regional dwellers is more or less unstable, and the wage level of employee as a whole in Youngnam region is lower than those of Seoul, although the wage level of labourers in manufacturing is relatively high. Moreover, the quality of life of dwellers in the region has some difficulties in the use of resources and ecological environment as well as the unequal provision of means of living and welfare facilities, even though it has been improved materially.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.533-556
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• 2012

The paper analyzes the effects of Korean venture businesses' external collaborations on their innovation performances, according to their collaboration partners and collaboration activities. The results show that the collaborations between Korean venture businesses and research institutions, and those between venture businesses and other venture businesses have significant positive effects on venture businesses' innovation performances, in terms of the numbers of the intellectual property rights, while the collaborations between venture businesses and large companies have significant positive effects on medium-sized venture businesses only. In addition, collaborative research and development, and technology transfer from big companies to venture businesses have given significant positive effects on venture businesses' innovation performances, while collaborative employee training and collaborative marketing have given significant negative effects on venture businesses' innovation performances. Furthermore, collaborations between large companies and their subcontracting venture businesses have shown even more significant effects on venture businesses' performances. The results show that the effectiveness of external collaborations of Korean venture businesses depends on collaboration partners, types of collaboration activities, and the size of collaborating venture businesses, implying that government programs for encouraging venture businesses to collaborate with external institutions should be carefully chosen for their innovation performance improvement.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.207-254
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• 2018

The major court rulings delivered in 2017 include the ruling that separated the legal character of denture production agreement signed together with medical care agreement and found a subcontracting dimension in the former, and the ruling that overcame the limitations of the theory of entire appearance of a fetus as discussed in civil law by using the legal principle of insurance which suggests that unborn child insurance takes effect after the contract is signed and the first installment of the premium is paid in. As more court rulings find the medical specialists responsible for accidents and injuries from drugs, some argue that medication counseling by the druggist who makes and dispenses drugs should be upgraded. And with respect to a court ruling that denied the hospital's responsibility for an infection-involving accident even if there were no records on specific measures taken in infection management, some criticized the court for being too conservative in recognizing responsibilities. And with respect to infectious disease management, some criticized the court for its interpretation and application of the facts in the direction of denying the negligence. In addition, some claimed that it is necessary to establish institutional system for hospital infection control and its aid for victims, and to improve the system including the reversal of the burden of proof given the special nature of hospital infections. A number of rulings on the duty to disclose included the one which stated that the specific matter did not require a doctor's explanation as it was explained or the specific medical service would have been performed even if no explanation had been given. There was a greatly controversial ruling over the scope of indemnification, which accepted the occurrence of multiple scars and deformation as disorders while regarding breast as a thoracic organ. And a Supreme Court ruling over interpreting Medical Service Act was criticized as overstepping the boundary allowed in the law.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.55-74
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• 1997

This paper investigates the spatial characteristics of networks, which arise as a firm's strategy to enhance its competitiveness to cope with the changing economic environments characterized by technological changes and increasing competitiveness. The theoretical framework in this study proposes that networks emerge as a firm's strategies to promote its competitiveness through the vertical/horizontal disintegration of the production system. Futhermore, regional industries of networks. The study examines the types of cooperation and the spatial boundary of the computer industry networks in Korea. Questionnaire survey was conducted on 1, 128 computer companies which had more than 10 employees, with 126 questionnaires being used for analysis. In addition, newpaper articles were used to supplement the foregoing work on network characteristics. The review of these articles covers the period from Jan. 1994 to June 1996. Major findings of this study are as follows: The spatial range of cooperative networks varies according to the specific characters of cooperation(R & D, production, and seles). Intralocal networks are being developed in Kangnam and Youido area, the computer industry agglomeration clusres of Seoul. There are the regional differnces in the agents and contents of cooperation. In intra-national R & D and production networks, regional differnces in agglomeratins and non-agglomerations are not detercted. Most networks of this type are found between large firms and small firms. In contrast, foregn R & D and production networks, which are operated mostly by large firms, are found in Kangnam, Youido, and CBD. Intra-national and foreign productino networks are also focused in Kangnam, Youido, and CBD. Small firms are playing an active role in making this type of cooperation possible. In the perspective of localization-globalization, Korean computer industry can be analyzed in two respects: industrial and regional. The localization of small firms and the localization-globalization of large firms' networks are being developed in industrial contexts, while the localization-globalization of agglomerations and the localization of non-agglomerations networks are being developed in regional contexts. As networks for the localization-globalization of industry are growing in agglomerations, interfirm networks could be related to trends in the formation or intensification of industrial agglomerations. industrial agglomeration areas function as a facilitator of localization through subcontracts, intraregional network and interregional network. They also facilitate globalization via foregn networks. In non-agglomeratin areas, localization networks, which are connected with agglomeration areas via subcontracting, interregional R & D. or production cooperation.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.101-108
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• 2007

To execute a construction project, many construction participants are engaged in the project. Especially many subcontactors role is very important, but their contract statute seems weaker rather than prime contractor. So to protect the subcontractor and to activate fair subcontract, Fair Transactions in Subcontracting Act was enacted. Direct payment to subcontractor clause of the act can protect subcontractor from the fear of insolvency of prime contractor, on the other hand can cause dispute about the interpretation of defect liability. Therefore the positive act and regulation were examined, and the effects of direct payment to subcontractor were analyzed. And the treatment direction of direct payment were suggested in this paper. Summary is as follows; (1) Statute of subcontractor for the ordering subject must be considered (2) Contract relationship must be reflected in the performance bond, subcontract bond, and subcontract construction conditions (3) To clarify the defect liability for the direct payment, retainage to guarantee the repair during contract period may be reflect on the subcontract construction conditions.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.14
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• pp.77-93
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• 2001

The ISO issued the first standard for environmental management standard(EMS) in 1993. This standard provide for elements of an effective environmental management system and can also help companies ingrain effective environmental management practice into their overall business operations. ISO 14001 is predicted to become the leading voluntary environmental management system standard. Companies selling products and services internationally and domestically will also be affected by publication of this standard. Especially, this new environmental management standards are fast becoming a condition for doing global business because it can be acted with trade barriers. Actually, an automobile companies of America including Ford and GM require their subcontracting companies to gain the recognition of ISO 14001. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ISO 14000 and its application of Korean firms focusing on environmental management system(EMS). This paper proceeds to present the effective alternatives through analysing the existing Korean firms which has established EMS. Korean firms should adopt EMS not for the enhancement of corporate image but for the purpose of strategic competitive advantage.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.111-120
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• 2010

The public construction industry in Korea involves a variety of stakeholders, encompassing multiple layers of contractual relationships that crisscross between the State as project client and the contractors, as well as subcontractors. In such a hierarchical landscape, managerial crises of contractors involving bankruptcy or insolvency can result in unexpected damages for both clients and subcontractors. Accordingly, the applicable legal framework requires project clients to act as patrons in relation to making payments to subcontractors, and stipulates provisions pertaining to direct payments to subcontractors in order to promote the balanced development of the national economy in terms of the public interest by protecting small and medium-sized businesses working as subcontractors for large businesses. However, the relevant legal documents provide for different payment criteria and procedures from document to document, and leave room for variations in the interpretation and construction of applicable provisions, which leads to disputes and discrepancies in court rulings. For this reason, it is necessary not only to compare and analyze statutory provisions pertaining to direct payment to subcontractors, but also to review issues of contention in actual cases. This study aims to analyze issues in cases involving payment to subcontractors from the perspective of the project client overseeing and supervising the construction business. The conclusions from such an analysis will help to effectively resolve subsequent cases of a similar nature by suggesting a strategy to improve the relevant statutory provisions pertaining to direct payment to subcontractors.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.12-22
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• 2014

In recent, many Korean contractors have tried to extend their business area into the overseas construction market, mainly as a result of a reduction in their domestic construction market. However in terms of risk, overseas construction projects are likely to face a number of unpredictable problems, many of which occur as a result of differences in contract cultures and construction environments between Korea and other countries. One key issue facing overseas construction projects in particular, is that of sub-contracting and control, and the way in which many countries of Commonwealth of Nations operate a unique subcontracting method well known as a nominated sub-contractor(NSC). This paper introduces the NSC system and differences as comparing among standard construction contract forms, such as JCT, SIA, HKIA and PAM. in UK and Asian Commonwealth of Nations. Also, we attempt to classify the type of the NSC system through the consideration of NSC clauses in accordance with the objection and termination of NSC contracting respectively.