• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.691-700
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• 2008

One suggested mechanism underlying copper (Cu) deficiency teratogenicity is a low availability of nitric oxide (NO), signaling molecule which is essential in developmental processes. Increased superoxide anions secondary to decreased activities of Cu-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) in Cu deficiency can interact with NO to form peroxynitrite, which can nitrate proteins at tyrosine residues. In addition, peroxynitrite formation can limit NO bioavailability. We previously reported low NO availability and increased protein nitration in Cu deficient (Cu-) embryos. In the current study, we tested whether Cu deficiency alters downstream signaling of NO by assessing cyclic GMP (cGMP) and phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulating phosphoprotein (VASP) levels, and whether NO supplementation can affect these targets as well as protein nitration. Gestation day 8.5 embryos from Cu adequate (Cu+) or Cu- dams were collected and cultured in either Cu+ or Cu- media for 48 hr. A subset of embryos was cultured in Cu- media supplemented with a NO donor (DETA/NONOate; 20 ${\mu}M$) and/or Cu-Zn SOD. Cu-/Cu- embryos showed a higher incidence of embryonic and yolk sac abnormalities, low NO availability, blunted dose-response in NO concentrations to increasing doses of acetylcholine, low mRNA expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increased levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) compared to Cu+/Cu+ controls. cGMP concentrations tended to be low in Cu-/Cu- embryos, and they were significantly lower in Cu-/Cu- yolk sacs than in controls. Levels of phosphorylated VASP at serine 239 (P-VASP) were similar in all groups. NO donor supplementation to the Cu- media ameliorated embryonic and yolk sac abnormalities, and resulted in increased levels of cGMP without altering levels of P-VASP and 3-NT. Taken together, these data support the concept that Cu deficiency limits NO availability and alters NO/cGMP-dependent signaling in Cu- embryos and yolk sacs, which contributes to Cu deficiency-induced abnormal development.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.235-237
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• 2001

;Dentistry has benefited from tremendous advances in technology with the introduction of new techniques and materials, and patients are aware that esthetic approaches in dentistry can change one's appearance. Increasingly. tooth-colored restorative materials have been used for restoration of posterior teeth. Tooth-colored restoration for posterior teeth can be divided into three categories: 1) the direct techniques that can be made in a single appointment and are an intraoral procedure utilizing composites: 2) the semidirect techniques that require both an intraoral and an extraoral procedure and are luted chairside utilizing composites: and 3) the indirect techniques that require several appointments and the expertise of a dental technician working with either composites or ceramics. But, resin restoration has inherent drawbacks of microleakage. polymerization shrinkage, thermal cycling problems. and wear in stress-bearing areas. On the other hand, Ceramic restorations have many advantages over resin restorations. Ceramic inlays are reported to have less leakage than resin restoration and to fit better. although marginal fidelity depends on technique and is laboratory dependent. Adhesion of luting resin is more reliable and durable to etched ceramic material than to treated resin composite. In view of color matching, periodontal health. resistance to abrasion, ceramic restoration is superior to resin restorationl. Materials which have been used for the fabrication of ceramic restorations are various. Conventional powder slurry ceramics are also available. Castable ceramics are produced by centrifugal casting of heat-treated glass ceramics. and machinable ceramics are feldspathic porcelains or cast glass ceramics which are milled using a CAD/CAM apparatus to produce inlays (for example, Cered. They may also be copy milled using the Celay apparatus. Pressable ceramics are produced from feldspathic porcelain which is supplied in ingot form and heated and moulded under pressure to produce a restoration. Infiltrated ceramics are another class of material which are available for use as ceramic inlays. An example is $In-Ceram^{\circledR}$(Vident. California, USA) which consists of a porous aluminum oxide or spinell core infiltrated with glass and subsequently veneered with feldspathic porcelain. In the 1980s. the development of compatible refractory materials made fabrication easier. and the development of adhesive resin cements greatly improved clinical success rates. This case report presents esthetic ceramic inlays for posterior teeth.teeth.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.19-23
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• 2007

The NiSi is very promising candidate for the metallization in 45 nm CMOS process such as FUSI(fully silicided) gate and source/drain contact because it exhibits non-size dependent resistance, low silicon consumption and mid-gap workfunction. Ni film was first deposited by using ALD (atomic layer deposition) technique with Bis-Ni precursor and $H_2$ reactant gas at $220^{\circ}C$ with deposition rate of $1.25\;{\AA}/cycle$. The as-deposited Ni film exhibited a sheet resistance of $5\;{\Omega}/{\square}$. RTP (repaid thermal process) was then performed by varying temperature from $400^{\circ}C$ to $900^{\circ}C$ in $N_2$ ambient for the formation of NiSi. The process temperature window for the formation of low-resistance NiSi was estimated from $600^{\circ}C$ to $800^{\circ}C$ and from $700^{\circ}C$ to $800^{\circ}C$ with and without Ti capping layer. The respective sheet resistance of the films was changed to $2.5\;{\Omega}/{\square}$ and $3\;{\Omega}/{\square}$ after silicidation. This is because Ti capping layer increases reaction between Ni and Si and suppresses the oxidation and impurity incorporation into Ni film during silicidation process. The NiSi films were treated by additional thermal stress in a resistively heated furnace for test of thermal stability, showing that the film heat-treated at $800^{\circ}C$ was more stable than that at $700^{\circ}C$ due to better crystallinity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.4 s.59
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• pp.227-231
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• 2006

Wrinkle formation is mainly attributed to the environmental factors such as UV rays, air pollution, smoking and stress etc. Especially, UV rays induce premature skin aging which is characterized by deep wrinkle, leathery dryness etc. Recently, researches on the wrinkle formation and its prevention have been the main theme in cosmetics fields. We have studied the various plant extracts having anti-wrinkle effects and finally showed that Noni (Morinda citrifolia) extracts have the efficacy of promoting the type I collagen synthesis in normal human fibroblast, using PICP assay. We purified one active compound from Noni extracts and identified its structure. It was identified as 6,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one; scopoletin by $^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR,$ IR, Mass analysis. Scopoletin increased collagen synthesis in a dose dependent manner (89.5% at $0.2{\mu}g/mL$). In order to verify the anti-aging effectiveness of the cream containing 3% noni extracsts, we performed the in vivo test with some female volunteers for 12 weeks. It reduced the signs of aging, especially face wrinkles. From these results, we conclude that the noni extracts could be used as an useful anti-wrinkle agent.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2018

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is the inability to attain and sustain an erection firm enough to have sexual intercourse. Frequent ED may be a symptom of health problems including heart disease, obesity, alcoholism, stress, smoking, and depression, that need treatment. This study aimed to effect of complex extract (CPL) including Cornus officinalis on sexual function factor in the erectile dysfunction rat model. The erectile dysfuction rat model was induced by cimetidine (500 mg/kg in 5% ethanol, oral injection 2 weeks). Rats were oral administered with different concentration of CPL in rat erectile dysfunction model. As a results, sexual function factors (NO, cGMP) significantly improved in CPL treated groups (CPL-300, 600, 900 mg/kg) compared to CON group. Serum testosterone was increased in a dose-dependent manner after CPL treatment. Furthermore, administrations of CPL restored lumen areas of the prostate in the erectile dysfunction rat model. These results indicated that CPL alleviated erectile dysfunction by increasing sexual function factor and testosterone in rat model. CPL could be used to natural treatement for erectile dysfunction. However, further study is required to identify active ingredient and its mechanism of erectile dysfunction.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.245-258
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• 2012

ILM(incremental launching method) is a way of construction, installing a girder producing spot behind the abutment, making the bridge girder infilled with concrete continuously and launching with using by jack. The superstructure of the bridge constructed by this method is temporarily located on the center of the span and the supporting points under construction. Therefore, the sections are structurally undergone maximum positive moment, maximum negative moment, and maximum shear force arising from self weight. On the other hand, launching nose is attached to the front of the girder to decrease the cantilever effect. The magnitude of this temporary stress creating on the upper section is dependent upon the launching nose's characteristics. This study has proposed an analysis formula simplified on the assumption that the launching nose section is a quasi-equivalent section(rigid; equivalent section, weight; tapered section) in order to ensure the accuracy of the analysis formula and improve its usage with reference to the interaction between the launching nose and the upper section; and a prismatic analysis formula modified by displacing a diaphragm's weight by a concentrated load in order to improve the accuracy of the existing analysis formula that assumes the launching nose section as the equivalent section. To judge the accuracy and usage of two analysis formulas proposed, we have compared and analyzed computational structural analysis programs and existing analysis formulas based on actual ILM bridge data. As a result, all of two reveal the superior accuracy and also their usage has been improved by the simplification of analysis formulas.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 1998

This study was undertaken to determine whether Bombycis Corpus extract (Bom) has antioxidant action. Kidney tissues were exposed to t-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) to induce oxidative stress. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by measuring malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, and cell injury was estimated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in rabbit renal cortical slices. t-BHP increased lipid peroxidation and LDH release in a dose-dependent manner over the concentration range of 0.1-1 mM. Such effects of t-BHP on lipid peroxidase and LDH release were prevented by 0.5% Bom. When tissues were treated with t-BHP in the presence of various concentrations of Bom, lipid peroxidation and LDH release were dose-dependently inhibited by Bom. Bom at 1 and 2% concentrations inhibited lipid peroxidation and LDH release in normal tissues. Bom at 2% concentration increased glutathione peroxidase activity in tissues treated or untreated with 1.0 mM t-BHP. However, catalase activity was not altered by addition of Bom. Bom inhibited generation of reactive oxygen species. These results indicate that Bom inhibits lipid peroxidation and cell injury in tissues treated with or without oxidant and this effect is, at least in part, attributed to increased activity of glutathione peroxidase and a direct sacvenging action.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.131-141
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• 1999

In order to eludidate the mechanism of oxidative stress in cultured spinal motor neurons damaged by oxygen free radicals, cytoxicity was assesed by MTT assay and NR assay after spinal motor neurons from mouse were cultured in media containing various concentrations of xanthine oxidase(XO) and hypoxanthine(HX) for 3 hours. In addition, neuroprotective effects of several herb extracts on oxidant-induced neurotoxicity were examined in these cultures, compared with nerve growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF). XO/HX decreased cell viability in dose- and time dependent manners on cultured mouse spinal motor neurons, and MTT50 and NR50 values were measured at 20mU/ml XO and 0.1mM HX for 3 hours in these cultures. bFGF significantlt increased cell viability. In neuroprotective of herb extracts, Epimedium Koreanum Nakai(EK) and Alpinia oxphylla Mig(IJI) was very effective in the prevention of the neurotoxicity induced by XO/HX in cultured mouse spinal motor neurons. From the above results, it is suggested that XO/HX shows toxic effect in cultured mouse spinal motor neurons and selective herb extracts such as Epimedium Koreanum Nakai(EK) and Alpinia oxphylla Mig(IJI) were very effective in the increase of cell viability against the neurotoxicity induced by oxygen radicals in these cultures.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2016

In this study, the extracts from the leaves of Rhaphiolepis indica(R. indica) and Quercus salicina(Q. salicina) confirmed antioxidative effects. The antioxidative and cytotoxic effects of the two extracts were analyzed according to varied concentrations and time. The extracts of R. indica and Q. salicina showed dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activities. The extracts of R. indica and Q. salicina at concentrations of 5 mg/mL showed DPPH radical scavenging activities at 89.93 and 92.41%. Therefore, Q. salicina were confirmed to have higher antioxidative effects than R. indica. Total phenolic contents were 65.20 mg GAE/g for R. indica and 85.20 mg GAE/g for Q. salicina. The result that Q. salicina have higher total phenolic contents than R. indica suggested a correlation between total phenolic contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The cell protective effects of HepG2 and A549 cells under oxidative stress, both the extracts showed relatively low cell protective effects at around 10%. The Cytotoxic effects of A549 Cells did not show cytotoxicity at concentrations of $100{\mu}g/mL$ or below. The results of this study are likely to be used as basic data to develop antioxidants using the extract of R. indica and Q. salicina.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.5 no.3 s.18
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

The primary source of disaster information for victims as well as ordinary people is mass media. In spite of their importance, the media often inaccurately portrays reality, which has stimulated academic debates. In Korea, however, media reporting patters of disaster have been hardly addressed. Therefore, the paper analyzes how newspaper and television news have reported typhoon Rusa between August 29 and October 1 in 2002 by using KINDS(Korean Integrated News Database System). The results show that television news tend to present more soft news stories emphasizing human interest stories than newspaper articles, relying on victims as primary interviewees. It is also pointed out that the Korean media do not play a significant role in providing disaster information to public regarding how to lessen the effects of impact through preparation. Disaster mythology representing wrong beliefs about human behavior in disaster is found in Korean media reporting, too. Unlike their western counterparts, however, Korean media seem to use the dependency image of helpless victims in order to stimulate donations. Analyses of disaster reporting patterns suggest that, in make disaster warning messages associated with behavioral responses, credible and official sources should provide clear and precise warning messages to the media, and the media also need to stress individual responsibilities in protecting his or her own properties not to make victims heavily dependent on public supports, while inducing donations.