• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2012

The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortex (HPA) axis is the central mediator of the stress response. The supramammillary (SuM) region is relatively unique among the hypothalamic structures in that it sends a large, direct projection to the hippocampal formation. It has been shown that mild stress could activate the SuM cells that project to the hippocampus. However, the role of these cell populations in modulating the stress response is not known. The present study examined the effect of stress on different populations of SuM cells that project to the hippocampus by injecting the fluorescent retrograde tracer, fluorogold (FG), into the hippocampus and utilizing the immunohistochemistry of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), serotonin (5-HT), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and NADPH-d reactivity. Immobilization (IMO) stress (2 hr) produced an increase in the expression of ChAT- immunoreactivity, and tended to increase in CRF, 5-HT, GAD, TH-immunoreactivity and nitric oxide (NO)-reactivity in the SuM cells. Fifty-three percent of 5-HT, 31% of ChAT and 56% of CRF cells were double stained with retrograde cells from the hippocampus. By contrast, a few retrogradely labeled cells projecting to the hippocampus were immunoreactive for dopamine, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and NO. These results suggest that the SuM region contains distinct cell populations that differentially respond to stress. In addition, the findings suggest that serotonergic, cholinergic and corticotropin releasing cells projecting to the hippocampus within the SuM nucleus may play an important role in modulating stress-related behaviors.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.120-122
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• 2007

All living organisms use numerous signal-transduction pathways to sense and respond to their environments and thereby survive and proliferate in a range of biological niches. Molecular dissection of these signalling networks has increased our understanding of these communication processes and provides a platform for therapeutic intervention when these pathways malfunction in disease states, including infection. Owing to the expanding availability of sequenced genomes, a wealth of genetic and molecular tools and the conservation of signalling networks, members of the fungal kingdom serve as excellent model systems for more complex, multicellular organisms. Here, we employed Cryptococcus neoformans as a model system to understand how fungal-signalling circuits operate at the molecular level to sense and respond to a plethora of environmental stresses, including osmoticshock, UV, high temperature, oxidative stress and toxic drugs/metabolites. The stress-activated p38/Hog1 MAPK pathway is structurally conserved in many organisms as diverse as yeast and mammals, but its regulation is uniquely specialized in a majority of clinical Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A and D strains to control differentiation and virulence factor regulation. C. neoformans Hog1 MAPK is controlled by Pbs2 MAPK kinase (MAPKK). The Pbs2-Hog1 MAPK cascade is controlled by the fungal "two-component" system that is composed of a response regulator, Ssk1, and multiple sensor kinases, including two-component.like (Tco) 1 and Tco2. Tco1 and Tco2 play shared and distinct roles in stress responses and drug sensitivity through the Hog1 MAPK system. Furthermore, each sensor kinase mediates unique cellular functions for virulence and morphological differentiation. We also identified and characterized the Ssk2 MAPKKK upstream of the MAPKK Pbs2 and the MAPK Hog1 in C. neoformans. The SSK2 gene was identified as a potential component responsible for differential Hog1 regulation between the serotype D sibling f1 strains B3501 and B3502 through comparative analysis of their meiotic map with the meiotic segregation of Hog1-dependent sensitivity to the fungicide fludioxonil. Ssk2 is the only polymorphic component in the Hog1 MAPK module, including two coding sequence changes between the SSK2 alleles in B3501 and B3502 strains. To further support this finding, the SSK2 allele exchange completely swapped Hog1-related phenotypes between B3501 and B3502 strains. In the serotype A strain H99, disruption of the SSK2 gene dramatically enhanced capsule biosynthesis and mating efficiency, similar to pbs2 and hog1 mutations. Furthermore, ssk2, pbs2, and hog1 mutants are all hypersensitive to a variety of stresses and completely resistant to fludioxonil. Taken together, these findings indicate that Ssk2 is the critical interface protein connecting the two-component system and the Pbs2-Hog1 pathway in C. neoformans.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.237-247
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• 2016

Global climate change is becoming one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. This article proposes a psychological perspective of climate change adaptation. Climate change-related severe adverse weather events may trigger mental health problems, including increased post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, violence, and even suicide. Forced migration could be considered a coping method for dealing with weather events, but it may also pose a psychological threat. People respond to severe weather events in different ways based on their individual characteristics. Psychological risks from adverse weather events are mediated and moderated by these factors, which are influenced by personal cognition, affect, and motivation. Examinations from a psychological perspective, which have been neglected in the science of climate change thus far, may provide keys to successful adaptation and the prevention of serious psychological problems resulting from the experience of severe weather events. A new prevention strategy has been suggested for coping with climate threats through encouraging attitude change, establishing proactive support systems for vulnerable groups, establishing a PTSD network, and implementing a stress inoculation program.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.135-139
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• 2002

Yeast cells respond to condition of amino acid starvation by synthesizing GCN4, a typical eukaryotic transcriptional activator, which regulates the expression of many amino acids biosynthetic genes. By introducing point mutations in the DNA binding domain of GCN4, mutants with normal DNA binding activity but defective in transcriptional activity were isolated to identify unknown proteins that could suppress the mutant phenotype under an amino acid depletion condition. As a result, SSB(Stress-Seventy B) subfamily proteins were identified as suppressors of mutant GCN4. SSB proteins were known as a member of yeast hsp70 family that probably aids passage of nascent chain through ribosomes. Among them, the mechanism of suppression by SSB2 on the defective GCN4 mutant strains is under investigation. Gcn4p directly interacts with Ssb2p through the basic DNA binding domain of GCN4. It suggests the possibility that physical interaction might induce the transcriptional activation of Gcn4p.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.97-113
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• 2012

In order to implement the real-time enterprise (RTE) and smart work effectively, many companies have introduced a mobile office. A mobile office improves employee productivity and increases ability to respond to business opportunities by helping employee manage their business anytime and anywhere. However, it also raises the user's stress level. We conducted in-depth interviews with users to assess user's perception of a mobile office according to Saaty's BOCR model. Based on the results of the interviews, we set variables affecting user's perception of the mobile office using factor analysis. This study revealed that support for real-time business, support for communication and collaboration, and information processing quality were positively related to continuous intention to use mobile office. Further study demonstrated that three variables have mediating effect between the psychological stress and continuous intention to use. This result implies that the system quality and function are the key elements of mobile office and may contribute to the continuous use.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 2012

Craniofacial sutures absorb the stress transferred to skull. It was reported the cells of craniofacial sutures respond to exogenetic factors to be involved in growth control mechanism. In this study, we constructed a finite element model composed of cortical bone, cancellous bone, suture, PDL, and teeth by using CT images of a growing patient, simulating maxillary expansion to evaluate the effects of the thickness of sutures and type of maxillary expansion appliance on stress distribution in circummaxillary sutures.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.48
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• pp.306.1-306.6
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• 2018

This study examined the add-on efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy among adult civilians with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who continued to be symptomatic after more than 12 weeks of initial antidepressant treatment. Scores for the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) were rated pre- and post-EMDR and at a 6-month follow-up. After an average of six sessions of EMDR treatment, seven of 14 patients (50%) showed more than a 30% decrease in CAPS score and eight (57%) no longer met the criteria for PTSD. Our results indicate that EMDR could be successfully added after failure of initial pharmacotherapy for PTSD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.119-119
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• 2017

Growth related to morphological and proteome response under waterlogging stress in sorghum has not yet been elucidated. Understanding how plants respond to waterlogging, the present study was conducted in seedlings leaf of the Nam-pung chal cultivar. Regarding 3-leaf stage of sorghum, stem length and plant height were slightly decreased in the treatments during ten days of waterlogging, and chlorophyll contents were also significantly different from 7 days of waterlogging treatment. The results observed from the present study were considered to be influenced by the waterlogging stress more in the $5^{th}$ leaf stage of the growth period of the sorghum, and as the waterlogging treatment progressed, the waterlogging stress gradually influenced the growth difference between the control and the treatment respectively. Using 2-DE method, a total of 74 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed using LTQ-FT-ICR MS. Of these proteins, 45 proteins were up-regulated in the treatment group, and 32 proteins were down-regulated. Analysis of LTQ-FI-ICR MS showed that about 50% of the proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolic process, metabolic process, and cellular metabolic compound salvage were affected by stress. Malate dehydrogenase protein and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein related to carbohydrate metabolic process increased the level of protein expression in both 3 and 5-leaf stage under waterlogging stress. The increased abundance of these proteins may play an active role in response to waterlogging stress. These results provide new insights into the morphological alteration and modulation of differentially expressed proteins in sorghum cultivar.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.117-123
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• 2008

Although growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) is known to playa significant role in the regulation of axonal growth and the formation of new neuronal connections in the hippocampus, there is only a few studies on the effects of acute stress on GAP-43 mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Moreover, the effects of repeated citalopram treatment on chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced changes in GAP-43 mRNA expression in the hippocampus have not been explored before. To explore this question, male rats were exposed to acute immobilization stress or CMS. Also, citalopram was given prior to stress everyday during CMS procedures. Acute immobilization stress significantly increased GAP-43 mRNA expression in all subfields of the hippocampus, while CMS significantly decreased GAP-43 mRNA expression in the dentate granule cell layer (GCL). Repeated citalopram treatment decreased GAP-43 mRNA expression in the GCL compared with unstressed controls, but this decrease was not further potentiated by CMS exposure. Similar decreases in GAP-43 mRNA expression were observed in CA1, CA3 and CA4 areas of the hippocampus only after repeated citalopram treatment in CMS-exposed rats. This result indicates that GAP-43 mRNA expression in the hippocampus may differently respond to acute and chronic stress, and that repeated citalopram treatment does not change CMS-induced decreases in GAP-43 mRNA expression in the GCL.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.266-272
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• 2011

According to many studies, a large number of police officers who had recently been exposed to an emergency situation has serious psychological stress and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) symptoms impact on morale, absenteeism, occupational health, early retirement, family relationships. However, in Korea as it looked during the empirical study of police officers with PTSD had a few. In this study, levels of PTSD among police officers to identify and respond accordingly was to seek ways. The officer's PTSD levels vary according to the study is the relatively high level, when compared to firefighters is a relatively high level. So, I suggested some countermeasures. I presented discovery and management of high risk police officers, distribution of critical incident stress management, introduction of employee assistance programs, active intervention of colleagues and family members, training of stress management techniques.