• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.983-991
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• 2021

The role of the distribution basin role is to apportion incoming raw water to the primary sedimentation basin as part of the water treatment process. The purpose of this study was to calculate the amount of water in the distribution basin using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and to find a way to improve any non-uniformity. We used the Taguchi method and the minitab tool as optimization methods. The results of the CFD calculation showed that the distribution flow had a deviation of 5% at the minimum inflow, 10% at the average inflow, and 22% at the maximum inflow. At maximum flow, the appropriate heights of the 7 weirs(C, D, A, B, E, F, G) were 40 mm, 20 mm, 20 mm, 0, 0, 0, and 20 mm, respectively, according to the Taguchi optimization tool. Here, the maximum deviation of the distribution amount was 9% and the standard deviation was 23.7. The appropriate heights of the 7 weirs, according to the Minitab tool, were 40 mm, 20 mm, 20 mm, 0, 0, 0, and 20 mm, respectively, for weirs C, D, A, B, E, F, and G. Therefore, the maximum deviation of the distribution amount was 8% and the standard deviation was 17.1, which was slightly improved compared to the Taguchi method.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2010

The study set up the models of a general standard apartment house and a super high-rise standard apartment house, which were based on the 5 floor plans of the assessment reference houses of the "green homes" provided by the government; such main construction materials as to account for more than 80% of the entire amount of $CO_2$ emission in a construction work were selected; a database was built up for evaluating the environmental loads of the main materials according to the house types that were different from each other in area, block type, combination of living units or floor; and using the database, an attempt was made to develop the technology to assess $CO_2$ emission from the production of construction materials used in the stage of construction.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2006

This paper aims to suggest ways of institutionally improving standards that must be applied when installing Water Reclamation/Reuse (WRR) system based on efficiency analysis. Currently, the standard for WRR system establishment requires that the system should treat more than 10% of used water in the building of over $60,000m^2$ in total area of all floors, but our research has found that it would be more effective to change the standard to $150-m^3-per-day$ reclaimed water or the total area of all floors of $30,000m^2$ ($50,000m^2$ in the case of an office building). In other words, what this paper suggests is not a one-size-fits-all standard based on the total area of all floors, but a reasonable and flexible standard that takes into account efficiency and a unit water usage according to a building's purpose. Furthermore, this paper recommends a new WRR standard that can be applied to large-scale land development for housinglots, like the New Town. The recommendation is based on the economic analysis that the WRR system will ensure efficiency only if the amount of reclaimed water is over 4,000 tons per day, which corresponds to 4 millions square meters of housinglots. Regarding the size of the established facility, this paper suggests changing the standard, which is now set at over 10% of water usage, to what is relative to the total amount of use of reclaimed water in order to ensure efficiency and promote use of reclaimed water. In addition, this paper proposes that governmental support should be offered not only to facility owners, who are recipients at present, but also to facility builders. By doing so, those who donate a facility to the government, central or local, after building it, can be provided with substantial aid. Therefore, the application of the institutional improvement suggested in this paper is expected to create environment-friendly living conditions and boost the quality of life by encouraging people to secure water resources efficiently in buildings, and in a wider range, in cities.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.233-236
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• 2004

Total impurity analysis of a primary standard solution is one of the essential procedures to determine an accurate concentration of the standard solution by the gravimetry. Bi impurity is determined in Pb standard solutions by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The direct nebulization of the Pb standard solution produces a significant amount of the Pb matrix-induced molecular ions which give rise to a serious spectral interference to the Bi determination. In order to avoid the spectral interference from the interferent $^{208}PbH^+$, the hydride generation method is employed for the matrix separation. The Bi hydride vapor is generated by reaction of the sample solution with 1% sodium borohydride solution. The vapor is then directed by argon carrier gas into the ICP after separation from the mixture solution in a liquid-gas separator made of a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane tube. The presence of 1000 ${\mu}$g/mL Pb matrix caused reduction of the bismuthine generation efficiency by about 40%. The standard addition method is used to overcome the chemical interference from the Pb matrix. Optimum conditions are investigated for the hydride-generation ICPMS. The detection limit of this method is 0.5 pg/mL for the sample solutions containing 1000 ${\mu}$g/mL Pb matrix.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.266-274
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• 2022

Background Many authors have researched ways to optimize fat grafting by looking for a technique that offers safe and long-term fat survival rate. To date, there is no standardized protocol. We designed a "hydraulic system technique" optimizing the relationship among the quantity of injected fat, operative time, and material cost to establish fat volume cutoffs for a single procedure. Methods Thirty-six patients underwent fat grafting surgery and were organized into three groups according to material used: standard, "1-track," and "2-tracks" systems. The amount of harvested and grafted fat as well as material used for each procedure was collected. Operating times were recorded and statistical analysis was performed to establish the relationship with the amount of treated fat. Results In 15 cases the standard system was used (mean treated fat 72 [30-100] mL, mean cost 4.23 ± 0.27 euros), in 11 cases the "1-track" system (mean treated fat 183.3 [120-280] mL, mean cost 7.63 ± 0.6 euros), and in 10 cases the "2-tracks" one (mean treated fat 311[220-550] mL, mean cost 12.47 ± 1 euros). The mean time difference between the standard system and the "1-track" system is statistically significant starting from three fat syringes (90 mL) in 17.66 versus 6.87 minutes. The difference between the "1-track" system and "2-tracks" system becomes statistically significant from 240 mL of fat in 15 minutes ("1-track") versus 9.3 minutes for the "2-tracks" system. Conclusion Data analysis would indicate the use of the standard system, "1-track," and "2-tracks" to treat an amount of fat < 90 mL of fat, 90 ÷ 240 mL of fat, and ≥ 240 mL of fat, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• 제41권
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• pp.185-206
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to improve productivity for maximum effects with the present equipments and staff. This study compared and analyzed the mea-sured time by using stop watch method and MTM, which was the new measuring method. The flow and results of this study were as follows: 1. This study investigated the theoretical background the efficiency for production management, and the way of productivity improvement through documentary research. 2. Setting up the standard flow on the experi-mental company production, making out a process chart and measuring the actual working hour. 3. The study measured the allowance time applying work sampling. 4. Each process of the movement analysis was filmed by video to use basic data. 5. MTM analysis was taken by choosing 10 processes from front bodice according to the basic movement of MTM. Through the results, this study exclude unneccesary movements and suggest a method for working ways. 6. Using the actual working hour measured by a stop watch calculated the pitch time and presumed the amount of daily productivity. 7. The result of the work sampling came out as 38% of allowance rate. It was 13% higher than the standard amount of woman's jacket allowance rate, which was 25%. The most influencing factor was work discussion. That was because there were commuication problem of the work way between the operator and leader. More adequate use of flow table and level passing table was needed. There were the problems that inappropriate places and sizes made the distance of movements longer and often needed more adjustment of works and surroundings. To prevent breakdowns equipments check ups were necessary before works. 8. The results of MTM analysis were as follow : the time was reduced 40% than the actual measured time by a stop watch. This was because the leveling of the operator was included in the real calculation. Also, leveling was included in MTM analysis and all the conditions were standarized. Therefore MTM method was a scientidic measuring way of establishing the standard time. The presented method of this study, suggested an ideal method eliminating unneccesary motions, and presented standardization of works. Improvement of working methods, work condition and simplifying motions in each 10 processes reduced the working time from total 656 seconds to 301 seconds. 9. The way and time of working was linked together in the MTM analysis methods. Thus data from MTM help suggest not only establishing standard time but also establishing stan-dard work. Plus it includes various ability for improvements of working ways. So it is an objective method which can be widely used in other work studies. 10. The function of a time study is to determine the amount of work produced with a given method. The work rate is used to establish the cost of labor. The wage of worker must be calculated per unit time which is deter-mined before the time study is made. This study tried to introduce the incentive rule for deciding wages according to the standard time by MTM method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.73-84
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• 2006

Standard safety management cost system was established in 1988 as a decree Number of 88-13, first time. And then, it has been revised fourteen times, up to now. A lot of practical investigations have been made for the revision but many problems at sites are continued to be put out so that it should be revised. This study is to find out hazard level of each work kinds through questionnaire and interview and investigate analyze the status which standard safety management costs have been used. Also, this study is to show reasonable rates of standard safety management costs in construction industry and to set up countermeasures against those problem after reviewing its status in korea with in Japan and Europe. Budget and actually performed amount of safety management costs in this study are investigated. costs for temporary work which is clarified in Japan is collected in order to compare domestic cost rate with Japanese one related to the total project amount. This study is to investigate eleven project kinds of domestic system, first, and to investigate eleven items of apartment bldg, office, civil work such as bridge, tunnel, dam, plant etc, secondly. Additionally, three items of gymnasium, railway, particular steel tower are investigated in this study. Also this study is to investigate and analyze performed costs of presently processing worker finished work so that it shows a new reasonable rate against standard safety management costs in construction industry, in order to make basical data and material to be systemized.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.67-76
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• 1989

Although the standard 2-CR network filter, one of the filters used for measuring surface roughness, is being used widely in the field of industry it possesses a weak point of causing Phase-distortion when the wavelength is passing through. Phase-corrected filter is used for eliminating these phase-distortion and the difference of phase characteristics between these two filters is thought to have considerable amount of effect on the surface roughness value. Moveover, the definition on this is as yet unclear. Therefore, the Rt and Rz value, obtained when the wavelength are passed through the standard and phase-corrected filters from the same random machine-processed surface, and its standard deviation are compared and experimented in this paper. Also, the ratio of relative bearing curve complying to the phase characteristics of these two filters are acquired. As a result, the use of phese-corrected filter is appropriate in experiments where the form of wavelength is important, and the standard deviation on the same experimented values appeared greater with when using the standard filter. The rate of relative bearing curve became greater as .lambda.$_{c}$, the cut-off value of filter, became smaller.r.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.313-321
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• 2013

The Average daily PET (Potential evapotranspiration), evaluated based on the last 30 years meteorological data and the lysimeter experiment carried out by RDA during 11 years, of 9 regions in Korea for the tomato cultivated in greenhouse, was $3.41mm\;day^{-1}$. Two kinds of water saving irrigation standard (WSIS), deficit irrigation standard (DIS) and partial root-zone drying irrigation standard (PRDIS) that include the irrigation interval and the amount of irrigation water according to the region, soil texture and growing stage, were established. According to the DIS and PRDIS, the cultivator can save water up to 29.2% and 53.7%, respectively, for tomato cultivation in greenhouse compared to the full irrigation standard (FIS) which established in 1999. WSIS can be used easily by the cultivator without complicate procedures such as soil sampling and measurement of soil water status by expensive sensors. But the cultivator should care about irrigation method such as PRDI (partial root-zone drying irrigation) without yield decrease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.1823-1829
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• 2012

Rice noodles are popular worldwide; however, no standard procedure is available for screening the potential for rice flour to make good quality noodles. This study reports two standard laboratory-scale procedures for preparing flat (sheet type) and extruded noodles. Eight rice cultivars were examined and the cooking loss and tensile strength of cooked noodles were determined. It was relatively easy to control the amount of water added to extruded noodles, whereas flat noodles were very sensitive to the amount of water used. Sheet formation was determined based on the amount of moisture content during preparation, and the Chenmaai cultivar was found to be most appropriate for both noodles making procedures and cooking and textural properties. Finally, good noodle making cultivar such as Chenmaai was less likely to be affected by the milling method.