• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.56-68
• /
• 2024

A construction standard production rates system for the factory built and on-site installation phases of OSC (Off-Site Construction)-based precast concrete (PC) structures in apartment buildings was recently proposed to establish an objective cost standard (Lee et al., 2021). In addition, the Korean government has taken steps to improve the institutional foundation for the systematic calculation of PC construction costs such as revising construction standard production rates for major components that can be applied to the on-site installation phase of PC method. In this study, we analyzed the results of a field survey of apartment building PC structures and collected expert opinions to develop factory-built and on-site installation standard production rates that can be applied to apartment building PC method. We also propose directions for improving the standard production rates so that they can be applied to the site and component of apartment buildings by comparing them with the current standard production rates. This study also derived the cost characteristics and cost reduction measures of PC construction by calculating the construction costs using the developed rates and comparing the construction costs with the RC methods of apartment buildings of the same scale. The construction standard production rates for PC construction derived in this study are expected to contribute to the spread of PC construction by ensuring the objectivity and consistency of the results of PC methods cost estimation.

• Korean journal of medical education
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.347-357
• /
• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to apply alternative standard setting methods for the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (KMLE), a criterion-referenced written examination, and to compare them to the conventional cut score used on the KMLE. Methods: The process and results of criterion-referenced standard settings (i.e., the modified-Angoff and bookmark methods) were evaluated. The ratio of passing and failing examinees determined using these alternative standard setting methods was compared to the results of the conventional criteria. Additionally, the external, internal and procedural evaluation of these methods were reviewed. Results: The modified-Angoff method yielded the highest cut score, followed sequentially by the conventional method and the bookmark method. The classification agreement between the modified-Angoff and bookmark methods was 0.720 measured by Cohen's ${\kappa}$ coefficient. The intra-panelist classification consistency of modified-Angoff method was higher than bookmark method. However, the inter-panelist classification consistency was vice versa. The standard setting panelists' survey results showed that the procedures of both methods were satisfactory, but panelists had more confidence in the results of the modified-Angoff method. Conclusion: The modified-Angoff method showed results that were more similar to those of the conventional method. Both new methods showed very high concordance with the conventional method, as well as with each other. The modified-Angoff method was considered feasible for adoption on the KMLE. The standard setting panelists responded positively to the modified-Angoff method in terms of its practical applicability, despite certain advantages of the bookmark method.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.143-151
• /
• 2008

As the NOAFL of copper based on liver toxicity in the human body is set and the TDI of copper is lower, it is necessary to strengthen the drinking water standard of copper according to toxic effects and the TDI of copper in humans. It is difficult to calculate the accurate drinking water standard because of the part of uncertainty for chronic effects of acute human with Wilson's disease and baby in the current studies. In order to improve the drinking water standard of copper considering of liver toxicity, it is desired to set the drinking water standard with concerning of the revising tendency in the foreign countries such as US, EC and WHO.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.10
• /
• pp.55-72
• /
• 2006

‘Guidebook of Standard Agreement in Korea Cartoon Business’ was officially announced by Korea Culture & Content Agency. We try to make this as a standard agreement for both cartoonist and publisher through mating the most of it. As this ‘standard agreement’ is the result of government sponsored research, it ought to be used for the profits of both, cartoonist and publisher. After investigation for unequal terms if any , I tried to find other alternatives for the development of this part. The objectives of my study is as follows; first, for the circumstance in which cartoonists can be devoted to his work without any insecurity in the part of ‘agreement’. Second, publisher can publish more of good contents with the help of those cartoonists.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.27-31
• /
• 2012

This paper proposes a new method of character segmentation in a grayscale image using the standard deviation. Firstly, the proposed method scans vertically the region of interest in an image in order to calculate a standard deviation for each scan line. Characters' standard deviations are much bigger than the background's. Therefore, it is possible to segment characters vertically using the differentiation of those two types of standard deviations. Secondly, the method scans each vertically segmented image horizontally at this time, and then segments each image similarly. The proposed method is implemented using C language in an embedded Linux system for a high-speed real-time image processing. Experiments were conducted by using credit card images. The results show that the proposed algorithm is quite successful for most credit cards. However, the method fails in some credit cards with strong background patterns.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.20 no.11
• /
• pp.752-759
• /
• 2008

This paper is to make up the climograph using standard weather data of the region of Seoul. It is made up by existed standard weather data of which the subjected region is Seoul in order to easily use work. The factors of weather data are outside air temperature and its absolute humidity, total solar radiation, amount of clouds, wind direction, and wind velocity. The standard weather data are verified by comparing with values of the existed degree day method. As the result of their verification, the difference of the data showed less than 3% each other. And, reliability of standard weather data is thought to be same as those of degree day.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.41-53
• /
• 2020

Purpose: This study tests the validity of a standard evaluation tool of ambulance ride practices with new evaluation items and supports its application by 119 preceptors. Methods: We tested the validity of standard evaluation items collected from 19 on-site professionals assessing ambulance ride practices. New evaluation items, 'understanding of emergency rescue equipment' and 'ability to communicate', were added as additional criteria. The modified Delphi technique was used to test the three evaluation areas and ten evaluation items. We used the analytic hierarchy process to analyze the weighting value of the reconstructed evaluation tool model. Results: All three evaluation areas and 10 evaluation items within the standard evaluation tools used for ambulance ride practices corresponded with the consistency index, degree of convergence, and agreement in the modified Delphi panel. Conclusion: These results provide evidence of the consistency and usefulness behind preceptors' use of this standard evaluation tool in ambulance ride practice.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.1007-1023
• /
• 2024

In this paper we are able to define a standard fractional vector cross product(SFVCP) of two vectors in a Euclidean 3-space where it satisfies all the conditions of geometrical reality. For γ = 1 this definition satisfies the conditions of standard vector cross product(SVCP). The formulae for euclidean norm and fractional triple vector cross product of two vectors with standard fractional vector cross product are presented. Fractional curl and divergence of an electromagnetic vector field are presented using the new definition. All the properties are further supported with particular cases at γ = 0, γ = 1 and examples on standard orthogonal basis in R³. This concept has application in electrodynamics, elastodynamics, fluid flow etc.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.57-61
• /
• 2014

A gravimetric standard addition method combined with internal standard calibration has been successfully developed for the accurate analysis of total arsenic in a laver candidate reference material. A model equation for the gravimetric standard addition approach using an internal standard was derived to determine arsenic content in samples. Handlings of samples, As standard and internal standard were carried out gravimetrically to avoid larger uncertainty and variability involved in the volumetric preparation. Germanium was selected as the internal standard because of its close mass to the arsenic to minimize mass-dependent bias in mass spectrometer. The ion signal ratios of $^{75}As^+$ to $^{72}Ge^+$ (or $^{73}Ge^+$) were measured in high resolution mode ($R{\geq}10,000$) to separate potential isobaric interferences by high resolution ICP/MS. For method validation, the developed method was applied to the analysis of arsenic content in the NMIJ 7402-a codfish certified reference material (CRM) and the result was $37.07mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\pm}0.45mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ which is in good agreement with the certified value, $36.7mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\pm}1.8mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$. Finally, the certified value of the total arsenic in the candidate laver CRM was determined to be $47.15mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\pm}1.32mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ (k = 2.8 for 95% confidence level) which is an excellent result for arsenic measurement with only 2.8 % of relative expanded uncertainty.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.53-62
• /
• 2011

Objectives : Burn is most common adverse events of moxibustion. Various kinds of components influence on the heat stimulation of commercial indirect moxa, but there are not enough investigation about the status. The purpose of this study is to investigate the 6 components to build a base data that is currently available to build a standard of an indirect moxibustion. Methods : The length and weight, density, thickness of the paper disk, diameter of the paper disk, and diameter in the paper disk hole were measured against 6 kinds of commercial indirect cautery. Results : 1. 'Seoam', 'Kihwang' and 'Taegeuk' shows uniform length than the other brands. 2. 'Dongbang', 'Kihwang' and 'Taegeuk' shows uniform weight than the other brands. 3. 'Dongbang', 'Kihwang' and 'Taegeuk' shows uniform density than the other brands. 4. 'Dongbang' and 'Kihwang' shows uniform thickness than the other brands. 5. 'Seoam', 'Dongbang' and 'Taegeuk' shows uniform diameter of disc hole than the other brands. Conclusions : As a result of investigation, 'Dongbang' and 'Kiwhang' indirect moxibustion was identified as a uniform product. This results are considered as an important base materials of the KS through commercial indirect moxibustion.