• Strategy21
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• s.44
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• pp.103-141
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• 2018

As the South China Sea maritime dispute illustrates, when considering the place where maritime claims occur, states do not have many choices to respond to maritime claims in which disputed areas are located far away from the land and are surrounded by the sea. As Mearsheimer (2014) points out, the sea stops power projection. Therefore, in order to adopt coercive as well as peaceful settlement policies to deal with maritime claims, states need to overcome obstacles (the sea) to project power. It means that if states want to conduct a specific foreign policy action, such as negotiating maritime borderlines or arguing sovereignty on islands, they need a tool (naval power) to coerce or to persuade the opponent. However, there are lack of research that studies maritime claims from the perspective of naval power. This research project fills this gap based on naval power. How do relative levels of naval power and (dis) parities of naval power influence the occurrence of MIDs over maritime claims? Naval power is a constitutive element during maritime claims. If disputants over maritime claims have required naval power to project their capability, it means that they have the capability to apply various ways, such as aggressive options including MIDs, to accomplish their goals. So, I argue that when two claimants have enough naval power to project their capabilities, the likelihood of MIDs over maritime claims increases. Given that one or both states have a certain level of naval power, how does relative naval power between two claimants influence the management of maritime claims? Based on the power transition theory, I argue that when the disparities of relative naval power between claimants becomes distinctive, militarized conflicts surrounding maritime territory are less probable. Based on the ICOW project which codes maritime claims from 1900 to 2001, the empirical results of the Poisson models show if both claimants have projectable naval power, the occurrence of MIDs over maritime claims increases. In addition, the result shows that when disputants maintain similar relative naval powers, they are more likely to initiate MIDs over maritime claims. To put it differently, if naval capabilities' gap between two claimants becomes larger, the probability of the occurrence of MIDs decreases.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.219-240
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• 2008

This paper aims to suggest a policy for biological resource based on a comprehensive understanding on biological resources. Biological resources are different from traditionally recognized viable organisms (Biodiversity) in ecosystems. Biological resources are culturable and replicable resources of living organisms such as tissues, cells and genes. Moreover, biological resources include human-derived biological materials. Biological resources is not simply a matter of science and technology. Biological resources should be dealt with as national resources. There are many international issues regarding biological resources, such as intellectual property rights (IPRs), safety on handling and distribution, material transfer agreements (MTAs) for mutual benefits and biological standards. Ethical debates are also being raised because biological resources are related with human-derived biological materials. Every nation has tendency to adopt its government policies to strengthen its sovereignty on biological resources and international cooperation. In addition, international linkages are essential for providing enhanced worldwide accessibility to biological resources. Japan has shown several international initiatives in the field of biological resources. Korea has just begun to design appropriate policies for the use and R&D of biological resources. Therefore, this paper suggests the following needs: 1) policy at the national level beyond the interests of researchers, 2) inter-ministerial coordination across government ministries, 3) expansion of scope and size of each BRC (Biological Resource Centers), and 4) building networks and systems such as national information center, representative centers by field, and each BRC.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.11-27
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• 2012

King Cheoljong was the twenty-fifth King in the Joseon Dynasty. He did not live a comfortable royal life in his childhood. He succeeded to the crown in the age of 19 after a series of poor days in Ganghwado. During his sovereignty over the territory, the noble class with power interfered with his control in almost every issue, so he could not manage his authority as a ruler. His disease history is hardly included in "Formal Records of the Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮王朝實錄)" which is the prime governmental document, however, some of his disease history appear in "Records of the Diaries of the Kings of Joseon(日省錄)". The primary disease of King Cheoljong was nausea-vomiting, indigestion, diarrhea etc. caused by spleen-stomach weakness. Another main illness was phlegm syndrome. He showed symptoms of coughs, asthma, sputum, and he easily caught cold having a weak health condition. He died at 33 and cause of death was unclear with remaining documents. Just small chances are that the cause was lung tuberculosis. He took a large amount of herbal medicine in his life, which was for curing or toning up his body. Tonifying medicinal herbs were used continuously, and curing herbal medicine was used for spleen-stomach weakness, phlegm syndrome and cold treatment. Treatments of acupuncture and moxa rarely appear in the documents.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.959-972
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• 2021

Decentralized Identity is based on the concept of self-sovereign identity, in which holders manage and provide their own credentials. However, a procedure is required to obtain credentials from issuers, and there is a risk of mess personal information leaking due to negligence of the issuers. In this paper, we propose a peer decentralized identity system based on Peer DID technology that allows only participants to verify their identity in 1:1 or 1:N small groups by matching the holder with the issuer. It is directly connected to a mobile device using short-range wireless communications such as bluetooth, and the holders create and provide their own credentials in person to the other party, thus fully realizing the self-sovereignty identity. The proposed system can simplify the identification process, improve security and privacy, and reduce costs. Furthermore, an extended architecture is possible to connect the proposed system and the distributed ledger to identify users in other domains. In the future, based on various technologies, it is also necessary to expand research on identity systems that can be utilized for human-to-thing and things-to-things authentication.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.502-523
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• 2010

A federal system speaks for a political system that the principle of the common sovereignty among the local governments is applied. The basic purpose of the system is to make institutional devices capable of striving for the mutual cooperation in a greater political unit, reflecting a minority race's right and demand by decentralizing a state authority into the individual region. The basic purpose for formation of a federal system is realized when a form for the supplement of political elite personnels has a autonomous nature by the subject of a federal structure. During from B.Yeltsin to V.Putin, a form for the supplement of political elite personnels into the local governments has changed by a political purpose of a central government, In company with this change, the character of federalism in Russia has been also changed. Accordingly, this study has treated a subject about how the political elite personnels of local assembly men, governors of a state, assemblymen of both Houses, and the president of Russia are suppled, and also how such a form for the supplement of political elite personnels has changed the character of federalism in Russia.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to highlight nationalistic characteristics of private school's military gymnastic education in early modern Korea. so deal with the process of Military Gymnastics between 1895, when modern public school in Korea was first established, and 1910, when Korea was deprived of its sovereignty by japan. The following conclusions have been drawn from the study. The main idea of military style-gymnastics came from the consciousness of crisis caused by threat of the Japanese aggression. At that time, Korean realized the importance of physical education by this crisis consciousness. And Korean people was interested in physical education that they could not think of in traditional education. This Gymnastic class was much more like military training and has a patriotic character.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.99-110
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to focus on the social influence of the movie , to review the meaning and symbolism of Koreans living in Japan (ざいにち) and rugby in the movie, and to eventually reveal the messages from the movie. The research method was text analysis. As a result, Koreans living in Japan were represented in 2 ways. Koreans living in Japan were represented as Homo Sacer, the contradictory being, located inside society by Japan's sovereignty but considered as outsiders. Meanwhile, the identity of Koreans living in Japan were represented clearly as Korean and they were acknowledged in Japan as proud and capable. The rugby in the movie has 2 symbolic meanings. First, it was the most important and effective way to prove Korean existence in Japan by representing the struggle for recognition, additionally it also carried an important message about their ideal society.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.97-105
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• 2021

In this paper, we propose BCON, a service that allows individuals to store personal contents safely, and reliably guarantee their ownership of contents, certifying their identities with DIDs(Decentralized identifiers). DID technology, which supports decentralized identification service based on a blockchain that cannot forgery or alter data, allows users to selectively provide their information, controlling personal information and reinforcing their sovereignty over their identity. BCON stores information about the content specified by a user on the blockchain and Authenticates the user's identity based on DID technology. It also provides functions for the user to safely upload and download the user's content to a distributed database. BCON consists of the content service verifier, the content storage service, the content management contract, and the user application, administrating rhe DID registry for Authority management.

• Maritime Security
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.125-149
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• 2021

Even 10 years after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japan has yet to solve the problems emerging from generating contaminated water every day. Japan has unilaterally decided to release nuclear wastewater in the sea despite Korea's concerns about safety as their radioactive water storage tanks reach the limits. Despite Korea's response, Japan is still preparing to discharge nuclear wastewater without fulfilling its obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. There are concerns about marine pollution caused by the radioactive materials from nuclear wastewater and invading Korea's maritime sovereignty. In particular, it is impossible to reverse the effects of environmental pollution, so plans to discharge radioactive water must be prevented unless immediate safety is guaranteed. This study proposes Korea's response strategy to resolve the conflict between the two countries due to plans to release contaminated water. Korea should respond to Japan's release of nuclear wastewater in the sea in various ways through cooperation with Japan, provisional measures, and cooperation with neighboring countries.

• Philosophy of Education
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• no.60
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• pp.93-116
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• 2016

In this research we analyze Sun Wen's revolution education from the perspective of chinese nationalism. Sun Wen instigated the revolution of 1911 and established the first Chinese republican government; his "three people's principles" played an important role in modern Chinese politics. Sun Wen tried to remind the people and make them conscious of their sovereignty through education. Critical of then-the feudalistic education, Sun Wen incorporated Western-modern education in to his philosophy of education, which then provided theoretical framework of the Chinese revolution. At the core of it was the so-called "advanced education", based on Chinese nationalism, which encourages people to fight for independence as well as national prosperity and defense. The advanced education consisted of "proclaim education" and "constructive education". The proclaim education was a means of disseminating revolutionary ideas through an armed struggle against Ching dynasty; the goal was to encourage people to participate actively. Constructive education could be divided into two periods, namely the period of pre-republic of China and post-republic of China; the aim and process of education in the former period was to "wipe out" the Manchu people of the Qing dynasty while in the latter, to build a country predicated on Chinese nationalism, which was hostile towards the Qing dynasty and any other thoughts that do not accord with it. The main purpose of revolution education was to inspire Sinocentrism and to solidify the country of the Chinese people. Ultimately, Sun Wen's philosophy of revolution education provided foundation for the construction of a country of the Chinese people in which inspirational writing for the welfare of the people, loyalty to country, and public service are realized.