• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the level of muscle activation on the cervical erector spinae (CES), lumbar erector spinae (LES), and upper trapezius (UT) according to the sitting postures while using a smartphone in the bathroom. Method: Thirty-two healthy subjects were recruited for this study. The CES, LES, and UT were evaluated by surface electromyography according to two sitting postures while using a smartphone on the toilet seat. A paired t test was performed for the root mean square of reference voluntary contraction (%RVC) comparisons between two sitting postures, and one-way ANOVA was used to compare the three muscle activations within each posture. Results: A comparison between the two sitting postures revealed the muscle activation of both CESs in sitting posture 2 and both LESs in sitting posture 1 to be significantly higher than those of the others. In sitting posture 1, the muscle activation of both LESs was significantly higher than those of the CES and UT. In sitting posture 2, the muscle activation of both CESs was significantly higher than those of the LES and UT. Conclusion: High muscle activation of the CES and LES was observed according to the sitting postures when using smartphone in the restroom. Therefore, long time use of smartphones on a toilet seat should be avoided.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.139-146
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to confirm the relationship between the subjective symptoms of smartphone addiction and visual display terminal syndrome in nursing college students and learning flow in the COVID-19 pandemic. For the collection of materials, the materials of the final 134 people were analyzed by collecting the students at the nursing colleges located in S city and M city for convenience. The collected materials were subjected to descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients using the SPSS / WIN 26 program. As a result of this study, the learning flow of nursing college students was negative correlated to the tendency of smartphone addiction and the subjective symptoms of visual display terminal syndrome. Therefore, to improve the learning flow of nursing college students, it is necessary to reduce the symptoms of smartphone addictive use and visual display terminal syndrome. The need for intervention and development of various effective programs for smart phone addiction management and display terminal syndrome management was suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.459-465
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• 2022

This paper reports a method to use a wireless sensor network deployed in the field to real-time monitor soil moisture, warning when the moisture level reaches a specific value, and wirelessly controlling an additional device (LED or water supply system, etc.). In addition, we report all processes related to wireless irrigation system, including field deployment of sensors, real-time monitoring using a smartphone, data calibration, and control of additional devices deployed in the field by smartphone. A commercially available open-source Internet of Things (IoT) platform, NodeMCU, was used, which was combined with a 9V battery, LED and soil humidity sensor to be integrated into a portable prototype. The IoT-based soil humidity sensor prototype deployed in the field was installed next to a tree for on-site demonstration for the measurement of soil humidity in real-time for about 30 hours, and the measured data was successfully transmitted to a smartphone via Wifi. The measurement data were automatically transmitted via e-mail in the form of a text file, stored on the web, followed by analyses and calibrations. The user can check the humidity of the soil real-time through a personal smartphone. When the humidity of a soil reached a specific value, an additional device, an LED device, placed in the field was successfully controlled through the smartphone. This LED can be easily replaced by other electronic devices such as water supplies, which can also be controlled by smartphones. These results show that farmers can not only monitor the condition of the field real-time through a sensor monitoring system manufactured simply at a low cost but also control additional devices such as irrigation facilities from a distance, thereby reducing unnecessary energy consumption and helping improve agricultural productivity.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2023

Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a decrease in face-to-face classes worldwide, affecting the mental health of children and their parents. The global pandemic has increased children's overall use of electronic media. This study analyzed the effect of children's screen time on problematic behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 186 parents from Suwon, South Korea, were recruited to participate in an online survey. The mean age of the children was 10.14 years old, and 44.1% were females. The questionnaire included questions on children's screen time, problematic behaviors, and parental stress. Children's behavioral problems were evaluated using the Behavior Problem Index, whereas the Parental Stress Scale was used to estimate parental stress. Results: The mean smartphone usage frequency of the children was 5.35 days per week, and the mean smartphone screen time was 3.52 hours per day. Smartphone screen time (Z=4.49, p<0.001) and usage frequency (Z=2.75, p=0.006) were significantly correlated with children's behavioral problem scores. The indirect effect of parental stress on this relationship was also statistically significant (p=0.049, p=0.045, respectively). Conclusion: This study suggests that children's smartphone screen time has affected problematic behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, parental stress is related to the relationship between children's screen time and problematic behaviors.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.133-139
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• 2024

In response to the challenges posed by a super-aged society, local authorities are conducting educational programs on smartphone usage tailored for the elderly. However, obstacles such as the limitations of one-to-many education and suboptimal learning outcomes for the elderly have hindered the efficacy of smartphone education. This study suggests an educational service intended for direct application in offline settings, considering the identified problems. Through the utilization of generative AI, the proposed app identifies specific challenges encountered by users during actual smartphone use, offering personalized exercises to facilitate customized and repetitive learning experiences for individual users. When integrated with existing local government education initiatives, this app is anticipated to enhance the efficiency of smartphone education by providing personalized, one-on-one training that is efficient in terms of time and content.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2024

The current generation of adolescents stands out as the most digitally interconnected in the annals of history, navigating an era characterized by unprecedented levels of technological connectivity. This study explored the impact of smartphone addiction on the quality of peer relationships among adolescents, with a focus on the mediating role of depression. Analyzing data from 2,288 responses of 14-year-old adolescents extracted from the 2022 cross-sectional data of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018, research questions were tested. The findings showed that smartphone addiction among adolescents exacerbates depression, consequently leading to a deterioration in the quality of peer relationships. The results contribute to expanding scholarly understanding of the intersection between digital technology and the mental and social well-being of adolescents. Furthermore, there is a call to action for parents, teachers, counselors, policy maker, and practitioner in education institutions to establish programs that monitor and intervene in cases of excessive smartphone use among adolescents.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.111-120
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• 2024

This study aimed to examine the effect of the depression on fatigue among university students by mediating smartphone overuse, which would be expected to help to lead healthy school life. Participants were composed of the 193 university students and performed a self-report questionnaire including depression, fatigue, smartphone overdependence, and demographic characteristics. Data was analyzed using SPSS 25.0 along with the PROCESS macro program. The main findings were as follows. Depression had a significant effect on fatigue among university students (F=8.180, p<.001), and smartphone overdependence was significantly mediated between depression and fatigue (B=.120, p<.001). These findings suggest that psychological aspects should be considered when developing intervention programs aimed at reducing fatigue levels of university students. Furthermore, the efforts to appropriate use of smartphones are needed.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.145-161
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• 2012

This study aims to explore how the degree of education related to information systems and the Internet literacy affect perceived security risk and how these three variables affect online transaction intention based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Since using smartphone to purchase necessary products is increasing, the study provided two different cases of using the existing Internet and smartphone to buy products. As a result of an empirical test, the degree of information system education, internet literacy, and perceived security risk had significant effects on online transaction intention mediating perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Unlike the expectation, the more people have education related to information systems, the more they have knowledge about hacking or cases of privacy infringement, leading to even more concerns about security, thereby believing the Internet transactions require much effort. The more the education about information system, the more we have concerns about security; therefore, perceived security risk have a positive(+) effect on perceived usefulness not a negative(-) effect. Lastly, while the degree of education related to information systems has relations with the recognition of the usefulness of the Internet transaction, the study showed that there are no relations of recognizing the usefulness and the ease of use of smartphone.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.210-218
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• 2018

This study is a descriptive correlation that attempts to determine the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between university life stress and smartphone overuse. A total of 201 university students attending universities within Jeonbuk were evaluated using self-reported questionnaires from April 10 to May 10, 2017. The demographic characteristics, university life stress, self-efficacy, and smartphone overuse were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis. The difference in smartphone overuse by demographic characteristics was analyzed by t-tests and ANOVA with Scheffe's post hoc test, and the correlation between variables was evaluated by Pearson's correlation coefficient. The mediating effect of self-efficacy was the 3-step multiple regression statistics of Baron and Kenny, and the statistical significance of the mediating effect was analyzed by the Sobel test. Self-efficacy had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between university life stress and smartphone overuse. In addition, the risk of smartphone overuse increased among university freshmen, with many using smartphones for more than 4 or 6 hours per day. The result of this study are expected to be useful as basic data for the development of a program to prevent excessive smartphone use by university students.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.487-495
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• 2017

The purposes of this study were to find smart-phone addiction how to mediate between worker's stress, anxiety and work commitment. The subject of survey was 329 workers in a public cooperation, and the data were analyzed by AMOS 18.0. The major findings were as follows; First, the higher the stress and anxiety, the more the direct effect on smartphone addiction. Second, smartphone addiction showed a significant negative relationship with work commitment. Third, smartphone addiction played a mediating role in the relationship between stress, anxiety, and work commitment. Workers with high levels of stress and anxiety were over-dependent on smartphones, which resulted in a decrease in work commitment. In order to prevent the problem of smartphone addiction of workers, it is necessary to prepare guidelines for correct use of smartphone in the workplace and service support should be provided according to the level of addiction. In addition, in order to improve work commitment, active support from the aspect of corporate welfare is needed to manage stress well. Finally, this study has a policy implication in that it reveals the route leading to smartphone addiction.