• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.190-199
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• 2012

The reproductive ecology of an endangered species, Gobiobotia macrocephala (Pisces: Cyprinidae), was investigated in the Seom River, a tributary of the Han River drainage system, from March 2010 to February 2011. During the non-spawning season, no difference in the external morphology was observed between males and females; however, during the spawning season, clear differences merged for the depth and width of the body, preventral length and preanal length in the standard length. The sex ratio of females to males was 1 : 1.01. The spawning season was estimated to last from late April to middle of June, at water temperatures of $15{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. The number of mature eggs in the ovary averaged about $2,134{\pm}930$ (mean${\pm}$SD), and the mean diameter was approximately $0.88{\pm}0.04$ mm. The spawning area was composed of pebble and cobble bottoms (3~10 cm), with current velocities of 13~24 cm $s^{-1}$ and water depths of 12~18 cm. Spawning behavior between males and females was observed in a water tank 14~15 h after injecting females with Ovaprim to promote reproduction. Fish spawned near the water surface with monogamous pairing.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.118-129
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• 1998

This survey is made to offer the fundamental data for the establishment of practical environmental education plan based on understanding of the change of the environmental awareness of elementary school students under the longitudinal-sectional research design. In this research, the questionnaire made by Kim Jong-ki in 1988 and by Kim Hak-Bong in 1993, is amended and filled up, which is used to the 624 numbers of fifth and sixth grade students lived in Seoul, Pyungtaek and Yangjugu. This research ares are devided into 5 ares which are the environmental general, environmental pollution, living environment, environmental education and consciouness of environmental crisis to humen beings. First, it is grasped general tendency and then is compared and analyzed the level of awareness by residence, sex, grade. stsdard of living parental academic, the background variation of parental job with the status in 1988 and 1933. The results are as follows: 1) The rate of interest for environmental pollution and population is reduced but the rate of interest for animal protection is increased. 2) In spite of reinforcement of environmental education In school, the numbers of the students who became to know some information about that from the class are diminished. 3) Even if the children are aware of sewage seriousely, the numbers of the students who answer it is caused by domestic sewage are a few. 4) On the environmental education area, the various materials of the are not utilized well in a class. 5) On the environmental crisis to the human beings the rate is much increased in 1993 ttan that of 1988 environmental contamination is the important cause of the human beings' crises but now the rate is reduced again. In other variables except the environmental contamination, it is increased the that of 1993 on the war, on population it is showed a tendency of reduction. The results of this study are as follows : 1) It is supposed that the education should be done only not for the knowledge of environmental education but for the practice of that - animal breeding, field experience of the ecological destruction places. 2) The various environmental education materials such as TV, VTR are demanded to give the students proper information about that and to educate sufficently. 3) The course of fields exploration for environmental education should be prepared under cooperation of the authorities concerned. 4) It has to be groped for an epoch-making teaching method and the training and the practice of teachers in order to reform environmental pollution.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.223-226
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• 2002

Background: Thoracoscopic sympathicotomy is an effective treatment in essential hyperhidrosis. However, many patients suffer from compensatory hyperhidrosis. Compensatory hyperhidrosis is a very uncomfortable problem, but the mechanisms underlying compensatory hyperhidrosis are not completely understood. Material and Method: From May 1999 to June 2001, 25 cases of thoracoscopic sympathicotomy at the 2nd rib for facial hyperhidrosis and 116 cases of thoracoscopic sympathicotomy at the 3rd rib for palmar hyperhidrosis were performed in 141 patients. All of the patients were divided into noncompensatory sweating(NCS) and compensatory sweating(CS) group. Each group was investigated according to age, sex, body surface area(BSA), level of sympathicotomy and occupation. Result: The global rate of compensatory hyperhidorsis were 64.5%(91/141). There was no difference between the two groups for BSA, level of sympathicotomy and occupation. Mean age showed 23.2 years old in NCS group and 26.4 years old in CS group(p=0.09). In CS group, 46 cases were male(50.5%) and 45 cases were female(49.5%) and in NCS group, 19 cases were male(38.0%) and 31 cases were female(62.0%) (p=0.16). Conclusion: There were no available statistical data, but there was the fact that old age and male patients had the tendency for compensatory hyperhidrosis. If we have more patient group and consider the patient's family history or psychiatric problems, we will have more valuable data for compensatory hyperhidrosis.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.16A no.5
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• pp.395-402
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• 2009

Since 2005, Cyber home learning systems(CHLS) have been run with the purpose of clearing up the regional disparity and reducing the private education cost. At this point, it is necessary to have the analysis on the satisfaction and effectiveness awareness of the CHLS. The goal of this paper is to suggest an evaluation model for satisfaction and pedagogical effectiveness of CHLS and to support the management of satisfaction and effectiveness awareness of the CHLS for the low-income bracket children. Our major contributions can be summarized as follows: First, we present an evaluation model of satisfaction and effectiveness awareness of the CHLS for the low-income bracket children. Second, we survey the satisfaction, effectiveness awareness and improvement facts from the students who divided according to their sex, residence area and classes and compare with suggesting evaluation models. This paper is to find the measurement of the satisfaction and effectiveness awareness of the CHLS for the low-income bracket children. Furthermore, we can use this model as a material to balance the education opportunity, which is the purpose of CHLS, and abolish the education differentials.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.9
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• pp.480-488
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• 2021

Background: An adequate large-scale pediatric cohort based on nationwide administrative data is lacking in Korea. Purpose: This study established the National Investigation of Birth Cohort in Korea study 2008 (NICKs-2008) based on data from a nationwide population-based health screening program and data on healthcare utilization for children. Methods: The NICKs-2008 study consisted of the Korean National Health Insurance System (NHIS) and the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children (NHSPIC) databases comprising children born in 2008 (n=469,248) and 2009 (n=448,459) in the Republic of Korea. The NHIS database contains data on age, sex, residential area, income, healthcare utilization (International Classification of Diseases10 codes, procedure codes, and drug classification codes), and healthcare providers. The NHSPIC consists of 7 screening rounds. These screening sessions comprised physical examination, developmental screening (rounds 2-7), a general health questionnaire, and age-specific anticipatory guidance. Results: During the 10-year follow-up, 2,718 children (0.3%) died, including more boys than girls (hazard ratio, 1.145; P<0.001). A total of 848,048 children participated in at least 1 of the 7 rounds of the NHSPIC, while 96,046 participated in all 7 screening programs. A total of 823 infants (0.1%) weighed less than 1,000 g, 3,177 (0.4%) weighed 1,000-1,499 g, 37,166 (4.4%) weighed 1,500-2,499 g, 773,081 (91.4%) weighed 2,500-4,000 g, and 32,016 (5.1%) weighed over 4,000 g. There were 23,404 premature babies (5.5%) in 2008 compared to 23,368 (5.6%) in 2009. The developmental screening test indicated appropriate development in 95%-98% of children, follow-up requirements for 1%-4% of children, and recommendations for further evaluation for 1% of children. Conclusion: The NICKs-2008, which integrates data from the NHIS and NHSPIC databases, can be used to analyze disease onset prior to hospitalization based on information such as lifestyle, eating habits, and risk factors.

• Asian Spine Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1085-1091
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• 2018

Study Design: Case-control. Purpose: To determine optimal cut-off value for body mass index (BMI) in predicting surgical success in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS). Overview of Literature: BMI is an essential variable in the assessment of patients with LSCS. Methods: We conducted a prospective study with obese and non-obese LSCS surgical patients and analyzed data on age, sex, duration of symptoms, walking distance, morphologic grade of stenosis, BMI, postoperative complications, and functional disability. Obesity was defined as BMI of ${\geq}30kg/m^2$. Patients completed the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) questionnaire before surgery and 2 years after surgery. Surgical success was defined as ${\geq}30%$ improvement from the baseline ODI score. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to estimate the optimal cut-off values of BMI to predict surgical success. In addition, correlation was assessed between BMI and stenosis grade based on morphology as defined by Schizas and colleague in total, 189 patients were eligible to enter the study. Results: Mean age of patients was $61.5{\pm}9.6years$. Mean follow-up was $36{\pm}12months$. Most patients (88.4%) were classified with grades C (severe stenosis) and D (extreme stenosis). Post-surgical success was 85.7% at the 2-year follow-up. A weak correlation was observed between morphologic grade of stenosis and BMI. Rates of postoperative complications were similar between patients who were obese and those who were non-obese. Both cohorts had similar degree of improvement in the ODI at the 2-year followup. However, patients who were non-obese presented significantly higher surgical success than those who were obese. In ROC curve analysis, a cut-off value of ${\leq}29.1kg/m^2$ for BMI in patients with LSCS was suggestive of surgical success, with 81.1% sensitivity and 82.2% specificity (area under the curve, 0.857; 95% confidence interval, 0.788-0.927). Conclusion: This study showed that the BMI can be considered a parameter for predicting surgical success in patients with LSCS and can be useful in clinical practice.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.155-160
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• 2016

Purpose: Two years have passed since a level I trauma center was officially opened in the Gacheon Gil Hospital, South Korea. We analyzed 2014 and 2015 registered patient data from the Korean Trauma Data Base (KTDB) to identify trends in trauma patient care and factors that influence the quality of trauma care at the Gacheon Gil trauma center. Methods: Data was extracted from the KTDB included patient age, sex, systolic blood pressure at emergency room arrival, revised trauma score, injury severity score, trauma injury severity score, transfusion amount, and the cause of death was analyzed. Results: A total of 3269 trauma patients were admitted to our trauma center in 2014 and 3225 in 2015. Demographics and mechanism of injury were not significantly different between years. The severity of trauma injury was decreased in 2015 although the mortality rate was slightly increased. This requires further analysis. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to determine the general status and trends in trauma incidence and management outcomes for the Incheon area. We noted no significant changes in trauma status from 2014 to 2015. We need to collect and review trauma patient data over a long period in order to elucidate trauma incidence and management trends in the trauma field. Finally, studies using trauma patient data will indicate appropriate quality control factors for trauma care and help to improve the quality of trauma management.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.790-802
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• 2017

Purpose. This study was designed to analyze recent trends in Children Art Therapy Program Intervention research in Korea and suggest future research directions in this area. Methods. Studies(29) selected from http://www.riss4u.net for last 15 year were used. They were analyzed by publication type, field and design of the study, study participants and outcome variables used in intervention studies. Results. 1. As for academic field, there are 15 art therapy academic journals(51.72%), which made up the largest proportion. 2. As for subjects of the study, there are 17 articles of Elementary (58.6%) education, which made up the largest proportion. As for the subjects of sex, 8 articles (27.59%) are for male students, 7 (24.14%) articles are for female students and 14 articles (48.28.%) are for both male and female students. 3. As for 7 articles of Art therapy(24.14%), 7 articles of Group Art therapy (24.14%) made up the largest proporton 4. As for the intervention study method according to the subjects of suicide intervention program, there are 15 articles of monoclonal Pre and post design (51.72%),which made up the largest proportion. 5. As for the sample size, there were 16.79 persons in the treatment group on average, 13.28 persons in the control group have average and the total persons were 10 on average. The treatment period was 12 weeks on average and the average number of treatment times was 18. The places of treatment were 3 schools (10.38%), which made up the largest proportion. 19. The results of the experimental study support the research hypothesis of all 29 programs. Conclusions. As the above, the studies on the art therapy intervention program for children are increasing but the subjects are overly weighted toward elementary school students. Although the content of the art therapy intervention program was varied, it was found that the development of the program using various art media which can induce the motivation of the child was lacking. In addition, the place of experimental mediation was concentrated on psychology center as 12(41.38%), indicating that there are not enough places to connect with community organizations such as schools and hospitals. The variables of experimental study were focused on psychological variables and it was found that there were insufficient application of various variables including coping method, social support, and physiological variables.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between serum ferritin and the metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods : We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,444 adults over age 40 and under age 70 that lived in a rural area and participated in a survey conducted as part of the Korean Rural Genomic Cohort Study (KRGCS). The MS was defined as the presence of at least three of the followings : elevated blood pressure, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated serum triglycerides, elevated plasma glucose, or abdominal obesity. After adjustment for age, alcohol intake, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), odds ratios (ORs) for the prevalence of the MS by sex were calculated for quartiles of serum ferritin using logistic regression analysis. Results : The MS was more common in those persons , with the highest levels of serum ferritin, compared to persons with the lowest levels, in men (37.1% vs. 22.4%, p=0.006) and women (58.8% vs. 34.8, p<0.001). In both sexes, the greater the number of MS components presents, the greater the serum ferritin levels. After adjustment for age, alcohol intake, and menopausal status, the OR for metabolic syndrome, comparing the fourth quartile of ferritin with the first quartile, was 2.21 (95% confidence interval; CI=1.26-3.87; p-trend=0.024) in men and 2.10 (95% CI=1.40-3.17; p-trend=0.001) in women. However, after further adjustment for BMI, hs-CRP, and ALT, the ORs were statistically attenuated in both sexes. Conclusions : Moderately elevated serum ferritin levels were not independently associated with the prevalence of the MS after adjusting for other risk factors. Further studies are needed to obtain evidence concerning the association between serum ferritin levels and the MS.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.51-57
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• 2010

In this study, damages due to the aircraft noise were examined in more than 190 elementary, middle and high schools near the airports in Korea, and the persecutory idea forecast model was established using the quantification theory type II. Via the survey of 1,012 teachers in the schools, a class interference forecast model was established, and the noise characteristics of five areas, four military/civil common-use airports and one shooting range, were examined. The following conclusions were made from the study. WECPNL values in the five military/civil common-use airports showed that all of them were Class 1 or 2 affected areas, which indicated that they had serious aircraft noise problems to be addressed. The most influential factor in the aircraft noise persecutory idea model was the distance between the airport and the school. It showed a positive relationship at a distance of less than 5 km, and a negative relationship at a distance of 10 km or more. The number and time of aircraft noise exposure as well as the types of airports and window structures had strong influences. The forecast model had a correlation ratio of 0.56, which indicates that it is highly appropriate. In the class interference factor analysis, the time and number of aircraft noise exposure were strong influential factors, and the results varied according to the service duration and sex of teachers. This model had a correlation ratio of 0.61, which indicates it is highly appropriate.