• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.5 s.58
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• pp.68-76
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• 2006

Frei Otto, who is called to be the father of the ecological architecture, has shaped a peculiar architectural form style. In distance from the formalistic persistence to the modernist form canon and the postmodern tendencies to the self-representation of architects, Frei Otto has taken a more fundamentalistic position. Through the interdisciplinary researches on the self-organizing processes in the nature and the technical world Frei Otto could reason with architects, engineers, biologists, historians and philosophers the principle and structure of the natural construction that is applicable to the morphological research and the architectural construction research. In the middle of his architectural and scientific works is the idea of 'the natural construction' situated, and the basic principle and instrument of this 'Die Prinzip der Selbstbildung, The Principle of Self-making'. Founding himself on this principle, Frei Otto seeks after the new architectural form that is light, natural, flexible and variable by reasoning the typical formation process which refers to the common denominator of the self-making processes in the nature, the technique and the architecture. Despite his architecture is to be called to the anonymous, his architectural vision is headed toward the rationalistic form in accord with the natural laws. This study is purposed to elucidate the constellation to which his scientific attempts belong and the theoretical and methodological foundations of his architecture of 'the natural construction'.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.117-131
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• 2021

Purpose: This study is a qualitative study that investigated the nature of Koreans' spiritual health using a hybrid model, clarifying the definition and attributes of the concept. Methods: The nature and definition of Koreans' spiritual health were identified through a review of the extensive literature at the theoretical stage and then compared with an analysis of the in-depth interview data conducted by the researcher in the fieldwork stage. Results: Koreans' spiritual health comprised nine attributes: awareness of the meaning and purpose of life, self-awareness, self-acceptance and recognition, self-transcendence, self-integration, harmony of relationships, self-actualization and development, the inner affective attributes of hope, happiness, fulfillment and thankful mind, and the interpersonal affective attributes of one connected mind, compassion, generosity and humility. The scope of the Absolute is expanded to 'heaven' and 'ancestors', and harmony with the community is emphasized. Conclusion: We have found that Koreans' spiritual health is important for total nursing care and that mental, social and physical health can be improved if spiritual health is promoted. Considering this point, personal and organizational efforts are needed to ensure that spiritual nursing is positively applied in community and clinical settings.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.209-216
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• 2016

In the present study, chitosan based self-healing anticorrosion coatings were prepared by layer by layer (lbl) addition of chitosan (Ch) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) on mild carbon steel substrate. Chitosan coatings exhibited enhanced coating stability and corrosion resistance in aggressive environments by the application of a PVB top layer. Chitosan layer in the lbl coatings have been modified by using glutaraldehyde (Glu) and silica ($SiO_2$). Performance of different coatings was tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and immersion test. The best anticorrosion performance was observed in case of 10 % Ch_$SiO_2$_PVB coatings, which withstand immersion test over 25 days in 0.5 M salt solution without visible corrosion. 10 % Ch_$SiO_2$ coatings without the PVB top layer didn't last more than 3days. Application of PVB top layer sealed the defects in the chitosan pre-layer and improved its hydrophobic nature as well. Raman spectra and SEM of steel surfaces after corrosion study and removal of PVB_Ch/Glu_PVB coatings showed a passive layer of iron oxide, attributing to the self-healing nature of these coatings. Conducting particle like graphene reinforcement of chitosan in the lbl coatings enhanced corrosion resistance of chitosan coatings.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.14
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• pp.10-18
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• 1998

This study aims to make clear visual quality of organic form and structural order that is immanent in nature about a form as formative principles of architectural space design the significanced of this study is to prove the application possibility in to functional form architectural space design. All organic forms in nature has a unique shape and pattern in structure to be self-controled and good in order. Such an order in nature comes from regular construction and ratio principles which has aesthetical order by mathmetics. The specialty of beauty in nature can be revealed not only visual form but also the ratio balance and rhythm of structural principles. As we examine the aesthetic source embodied some object can be developed in to basic principles. Furthermore through this study we can find out that the form construction theory in nature forms share the quality attribute with geometrical form to be shown in architectural space design. Natural forms are ultimate visual expression of power that effects on the architectural space design. The rule of power in nature as nature formal characteristics have a direct influence and can be also applied to architectural construction. Therefore I expect that this study will be linked and continued to another structural view.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.17
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• pp.7-36
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• 2001

This thesis discussed the nature of freedom of speech with emphasis on Locke's theory of social contract. First, I examined the nature of freedom of speech induced from Locke's social contract, and argued that the nature of Locke's freedom of speech exists on the self-ownership of humans. Secondly, I studied how Locke's right of self-ownership was related to the right of freedom of speech and how it is realized in civil society. I could analyze how freedom of speech was actualized with un-equality in the social relations. Thirdly, I investigated how locke's possessive freedom of speech was materialized in the market society. I tried to find out the nature of freedom of speech actualization in the capitalist market society. Finally, 1 studied to what extent the state of Locke could intervene the freedom of speech and reconsidered the meaning of locke's limit of natural risht in modern society. Conclusively, Locke's notion of Natural Right and Law of Nature have greatly influenced contemporary idea of free speech. His idea helps understand the position of liberal democratic speech. It also shows well the relation of freedom of speech and Natural Right and has helped us understand freedom of speech in terms of the position of the right of property.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.245-253
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• 1997

The methodology of the Oriental philosophy is deductive and that of the of Occidental philosophy is inductive. Therefore study on the Oriental philosophy must start from right comprehension of fundamental premise before detailed analysis. The writer studied the meaning of the cosmology which forms the basis of Sa-sang constitutional philosophy and the propriety of visceral assignment by Sa-sang constitution which forms the theoletiacal basis of Sa-sang constitutional medicine. The results are following ; 1. The cosmology of Lee jae-ma has the existent principle but don't have the side of the formative principie. 2. The cosmology of Lee jae-ma is not that searchs for the objective rule of nature but that centers around a human being by subjective understanding system. 3. The cosmology consists of four elements, that is mind(心), body(身), events(事), and nature(物). Among them mind and body means a human being, nature means the natural environment containing time and space, events means not that of nature but that of human being. 4. The mind and body as Yin-yang(陰陽) means the state which objects and self become one. 5. The mind as the Great-Absolute(太極) has the possibility of two interpretation, Firstly it means the state of the source of life which nature and human being become one, and secondly it means that the mind of a human being becomes the cosmos or the center of the cosmos. 6. In the visceral assignment by Sa-sang constitution the position of heart, the Great-Absolute in center is immanent within four viscera and the function of it is that the undifferentiated unitary organic body, after it is diffrentiated still serves as the unitary organic whole by mutual connection, adjustment, unification and supervision. 7. The Great-Absolute in center is divided into the Great-Absolute of mind and that of body. And the Great-Absolute of body consists of the heart and the system of blood vessel, that of mind means the self-consciousness(自我).

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.1193-1213
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• 2012

This essay "Twain's Contestation of Emersonian Transcendental Manhood in Huckleberry Finn" explores how Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) manifests his postwar contestation of Ralph Waldo Emerson's transcendental manhood that endorses the dogmatic, egocentric, and decorporealized position of the Cartesian subject, who believes his being's unity, elevation, and centrality through his fantasy of possessing direct access to divine truth. The connection between Emerson and Twain is based not on Emerson's influence on Twain but on their common interest in American landscape as a site for the redefinition of manhood and masculinity. I examine different types of manhood in their association with nature in Huckleberry Finn by comparing them with the two fundamental concepts of Emerson's philosophy: "a true man" in "Self-Reliance" (1841) and transparent eyeball vision in Nature (1836). Twain's use of Huck's ambivalent position-his centrality as a protagonist in the novel in spite of his marginality in society-renegotiates Emerson's valorization of nonconformity, wholeness, and nonchalance as the characteristics of both boyhood and "a true man," Emerson's term for the ideal individual in "Self-Reliance." I also read Twain's satire of two different types of masculine characters-Bob and the Child of Calamity, boatmen of the Southern frontier, and Colonel Grangerford, patriarch of a Southern aristocratic family-as Twain's denouncement of the antebellum desire for transcendental vision, which Emerson crystalizes into his notion of transparent eyeball in Nature.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.203-217
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• 2018

Both in terms of frequency and importance, sympathy is one of the most central themes that Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818) delves into. While not a few critics have written on the subject, one crucially important aspect has been overlooked in the previous discussions of sympathy in Frankenstein: Shelley's critical intervention in the term's long lasting association with the notion of one body from a single origin. Focusing on the novel's central theme of sympathy, my paper addresses this oversight in the existing Frankenstein scholarship. I argue that Shelley's main agenda regarding sympathy in the novel is to problematize the logic of self-reproduction implicit in the notion of sympathy as an essentially familial tie. The reading of the novel as a warning against human violation of nature has been prevalent both in academia and popular culture. Nonetheless, in terms of sympathy, this paper offers an alternative reading in which the novel questions, not valorizes, the naturalization of nature. Far from valorizing the inviolable sacredness of nature, I argue, Frankenstein is a literary project attempting to disassociate sympathy from the natural bond that one is born into, and instead, re-associate it with fellowship as a second-nature to be continuously reinvented and reeducated.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.118-125
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• 2014

This study purposes to historical approach the formation process of Nature-Study, and to re-evaluate its definition and direction at present. The idea of Nature-Study originated from Campanella, Ratke and Comenius, who emphasized real things. The idea developed through Object Lessons of Sheldon, the Natural History of Agassiz, and Progressivism of Parker. They acted as the main contributors who evolved the idea of Nature-Study and its core fields that involve: 'studying with real things' in Object Lessons which brought the methodical aspects to the idea, 'studying with nature' from Natural History that enhanced the content characteristics and 'learner-centered education' from Progressivism, which impacted the philosophical aspects. Straight (a fellow student of Agassiz) was a teacher for Sheldon Oswego normal school and Parker's Cook County normal school, who synthesized the fields together and paved the way for the formation of Nature-Study. Jackman of Cook Country normal school established Nature-Study as a school curriculum and Bailey and Comstock of Cornell University formed the American Nature-Study Society and as a result, Nature-Study started to gain popularity. However, many educators increasingly rejected Nature-Study as a unifying topic, and preferred the use of textbooks rather than firsthand experiences. This hindered the nature-study movement and it declined since the 1920s. But today, the Nature-study idea can play a huge role in developing science education, inclusive education centered nature, self-initiated retrieval, sympathy with nature and character building of students.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.151-157
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• 2016

Nowadays Chinese society advocates a kind of principal thinking, which Chinese call it "harmony". The entire Chinese society is trying to build a so-called "harmonious society", that is, people live in harmony with the natural environment and carry out sustainable development; people live in harmony with others and build harmonious social relationships; people live in harmony with themselves and cultivate self-morality and enhance national self-quality. It can be seen that the word "harmony" runs through this thinking all the time. This paper aims at viewing Chinese people's philosophy in Ming Dynasty from the Piaohailu. Likewise, the starting points of the paper are also these three aspects which are people's relationships with nature, others and themselves. Based on this angle, it tries to conduct a simple analysis and study by taking Korean official Cui Pu's Piaohailu as the main historical data.