• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.15-25
• /
• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study was to find correlations between characteristics of Four constitution and Hwa-byung. Methods : Clinical data were collected from Hwa-byung Epidemiologic study data. we selected 130 self-labelled Hwa-byung patients data and 83 of them were diagnosed as Hwa-byung by SCID. We used Hwa-byung SCID, Hwa-byung scale, CES-D, STAI, STAXI and Personality and Physiological Symptom Questionnaire(PPSQ) as evaluation tools. We performed statistical analysis of each 2 groups, self-labelled Hwa-byung group(N=130) and diagnosed Hwa-byung group(N=83). Results : 1. In self-labelled Hwa-byung group, Greater yin score showed significant negative correlation with 3 indices of Hwa-byung scale and significant positive correlation with 1 index. Lesser yin score showed significant positive correlation with 6 indices. In diagnosed Hwa-byung group, Greater yin score showed significant negaitive correlation with 5 indices. In both groups, Lesser yang score showed no significant correlation with any indices of Hwa-byung scale. 2. In self-labelled Hwa-byung group, Greater yin score showed significant negative correlation with both trait anger score and state anger score of STAXI. Lesser yin score showed significant positive correlation with trait anxiety score, state anxiety score and CES-D score self-labelled Hwa-byung group. Lesser yang score showed significant positive correlation with anger-out score of STAXI. But Lesser yin score showed significant negative correlation with same index diagnosed Hwa-byung group. Conclusions : 1. The higher Greater yin score, suppression or denial, psychological defense mechanism, become more stronger. 2. The higher Lesser yin score, anger-out tendency become more weakened and increased prevalence of Hwa-byung symptoms. 3. The higher Lesser yang score, anger-out tendency become more stronger.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
• /
• v.5 no.5
• /
• pp.600-613
• /
• 1999

This paper focuses on development of a performance manager for IEEE 802.4 token bus networks to serve large-scale integrated systems. In order to construct the management algorithm, the principles of fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, and neural network have been combined to represent human knowledge and to imitate of human inference mechanism. Through the simulation experiments, it is shown that the proposed performance manager is capable of improving the network performance without a priori knowledge.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.60 no.2
• /
• pp.92-99
• /
• 2016

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the representative neurodegenerative movement disorders with the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is widely used as an experimental model system to mimic PD and has been reported to cause neuronal cell death via oxidative and/or nitrosative stress. Therefore, daily intake of dietary or medicinal plants which fortifies cellular antioxidant capacity can exert neuroprotective effects in PD. In the present study, we have investigated the protective effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) against 6-OHDA-induced nitrosative death in C6 glioma cells. Treatment of C6 cells with 6-OHDA decreased cell viability and increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, production of nitric oxide as well as peroxynitrite, and formation of nitrotyrosine. 6-OHDA led to apoptotic cell death as determined by decreased Bcl-2/Bax, phosphorylation of JNK, activation of caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP. Conversely, pretreatment of C6 cells with KRG attenuated 6-ODHA-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and nitrosative damages. To further elucidate the molecular mechanism of KRG protection against 6-OHDA-induced nitrosative cell death, we have focused on the cellular self-defense molecules against exogenous noxious stimuli. KRG treatment up-regulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a key antioxidant enzyme essential for cellular defense against oxidative and/or nitrosative stress via activation of Nrf2. Taken together, these findings suggest KRG may have preventive and/or therapeutic potentials for the management of PD.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.91-104
• /
• 2011

According to statistics, drunk drivers who repeatedly violate the DUI (Driving under influence) regulation have been continuously increased, and now the habitual drunk drivers become a societal problem. Employing a confirmative factorial analysis of structural equation model to analysis psychological characteristics of habitual drunk drivers and also seek countermeasures, this study identify the difference among three different groups of drivers: 1) sober drivers, 2) drivers with a DUI violation record, and 3) drivers with more than two records. The results of this study are as follows: First, remedies and educational contents to rectify drunk drivers can be differentiated according to their drunk driving records. Second, using defense mechanism (e.g., rationalization, projection, sublimation), drunk driving psychology (such e.g., sense of guilt, shame, embarrassment) and self-esteem (e.g., affirmation, denial) as theory variables, a Structural Equation is constructed to represent Psychological Characteristics of drunk driving according to records on drunk driving. Third, as a result of analysis of the Psychological Characteristics Model, measures for prevention and reduction of drunk driving suitable for the characteristics of respective group are also suggested. Forth, drunk driving measures based on drinking individuality are complemented by concurrence analysis on records of drunk driving records and National Alcoholism Screening Test (NAST) score. Also, two or more times recorded drunk drivers are classified as inveterate drunk drivers.

• Strategy21
• /
• s.30
• /
• pp.143-176
• /
• 2012

We are witnessing the growing maritime tension on the East Asian sea these days. Each naval powers in the region are competing each other to acquire more advanced naval capabilities. Based upon the rapid economic development, China is actively beefing up its naval capabilities and expand its boundary of naval activities all over the East Asian region. Chinese Navy already unveiled its expansive naval strategy replacing the traditional concept of 'Near-Sea Defense' with the new concept of 'Far-Sea Defense' strategy. In response to potential rival's naval build up, the U.S. is redeploying its naval forces focusing on the Asia-Pacific region. The U.S. enhances its joint naval exercises with the countries in the region, such as Japan, India, Australia and so on. In addition, Washington is devising new naval strategy under the concept of 'Air-Sea Battle' to deter Peking's so-called 'Anti-Access/ Area Denial(A2AD)' strategy. As a close ally of the U.S., Japan also disclosed its clear intention to strengthen the Maritime Self Defense Force(MSDF)'s capabilities by introducing the new concept of 'Dynamic Defense Force' in 2011. Under the new concept, JMSDF is pursuing the additional acquisition of submarines, quasi-aircraft carriers, Aegis-equipped destroyers, etc. Under the new president's strong leadership, Russia is also invigorating the naval build-up. Especially, Russia is fortifying the Pacific Fleet's naval assets by deploying new-type of naval ships such as the Mistral which was imported from France. In the midst of competitive naval build-up among the major naval powers in the region, we are observing the growing maritime conflicts on the East China Sea as well as South China Sea. Those naval conflicts can pose severe threats to our national interests. Maritime conflicts on the East or South China Sea can imperil our sea lanes which will be indispensible for national economic development. Neighboring countries' maritime conflicts also will cast an uncertainty on the path to mobilize international cooperation to resolve the North Korean issues. We should contribute to ease the maritime tension in the region by various ways. First, we should actively galvanize the bilateral maritime dialogue among the major naval powers in the region. Second, we also should take the lead to form a multilateral maritime cooperation mechanism in the region. Above all, we should set the aim to be a peaceful maritime power who can contribute to a building of stable maritime order in the region with a considerable naval power.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.360-365
• /
• 2014

Vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide(VPHP) has been used as a sterilant in the field of medical and pharmaceutical application due to low corrosive than chlorine contained sterilant. In addition, it is well known that VPHP is effective for decontamination of chemical warfare agents by adding ammonia gas. In this study, the decontamination efficiency was confirmed about CEPS, DFP and dimethoate as simulants of HD, GD and VX using VPHP respectively. For this purpose, VPHP generated from self configured device was injected into decontamination chamber and maintained for reaction time. After the decontamination, the residues are analyzed by GC/MS and decontamination efficiency was calculated. Through by-product for each simulants, the similarities in reaction mechanism of chemical warfare agents were confirmed. CEPS was completely decontaminated at 30% relative humidity within 60 min. By adding ammonia gas, DFP and dimethoate were completely decontaminated within 30 and 150 min respectively.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.457-461
• /
• 2008

DNA damage checkpoint is an important self-defense mechanism for the maintenance of genome stability. Defects in DNA damage signaling and repair lead to various disorders and increase tumor incidence in humans. In the past 10 years, we have identified many components involved in the DNA damage-signaling pathway, including the product of breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1). Mutations in BRCA1 are associated with increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers, highlighting the importance of this DNA damage-signaling pathway in tumor suppression. While it becomes clear that BRCA1 plays a crucial role in the DNA damage responsive pathway, exactly how BRCA1 receives DNA damage signals and exerts its checkpoint function has not been fully addressed. A series of recent studies reported the discovery of many novel components involved in DNA damage-signaling pathway. These newly identified checkpoint proteins, including RNF8, RAP80 and CCDC98, work in concern in recruiting BRCA1 to DNA damage sites and thus regulate BRCA1 function in G2/M checkpoint control. This review will summarize these recent findings and provide an updated view of the regulation of BRCA1 in response to DNA damage.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.2086-2098
• /
• 2018

Security plays a vital role and is the key challenge in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). Infrastructure-less nature of MANET makes it arduous to envisage the genre of topology. Due to its inexhaustible access, information disseminated by roaming nodes to other nodes is susceptible to many hazardous attacks. Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS) is undoubtedly a defense structure to address threats in MANET. Many IDPS methods have been developed to ascertain the exceptional behavior in these networks. Key issue in such IDPS is lack of fast self-organized learning engine that facilitates comprehensive situation awareness for optimum decision making. Proposed "Intelligent Behavioral Hybridized Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IBH_IDPS)" is built with computational intelligence to detect complex multistage attacks making the system robust and reliable. The System comprises of an Intelligent Client Agent and a Smart Server empowered with fuzzy inference rule-based service engine to ensure confidentiality and integrity of network. Distributed Intelligent Client Agents incorporated with centralized Smart Server makes it capable of analyzing and categorizing unethical incidents appropriately through unsupervised learning mechanism. Experimental analysis proves the proposed model is highly attack resistant, reliable and secure on devices and shows promising gains with assured delivery ratio, low end-to-end delay compared to existing approach.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.570-575
• /
• 2022

Stress breaks body balance, which can cause diverse physiological disorders and worsen preexisting diseases. However, recent studies have reported that controllable stress and overcoming from stress reinforce resilience to resist against more intense stress afterwards. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of corticosterone (CORT), a representative stress hormone against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced neuronal cell death and its underlying molecular mechanism in SH-SY5Y cells, a human neuroblastoma cell line. The decreased cell viability by H₂O₂ was effectively restored by the pretreatment with low concentration of CORT (0.03 μM for 72 h) in the cells. H₂O₂-increased expression of apoptotic markers such as PUMA and Bim was decreased by CORT pretreatment. Furthermore, pretreatment of CORT attenuated H₂O₂-mediated oxidative damages by upregulation of antioxidant enzymes via activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). These findings suggest that low concentration of CORT with eustressed condition enhances intracellular self-defense against H₂O₂-mediated oxidative cell death, suggesting a role of low concentration of CORT as one of key molecules for resilience and neuronal cell survival.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.365-370
• /
• 2015

Background: The beneficial effects of ginsenoside species have been well demonstrated in a number of studies. However, the function of ginsenoside Ro (GRo), an oleanane-type saponin, has not been sufficiently investigated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of GRo in vitro using the Raw 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and to clarify the possible mechanism of GRo involving heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which itself plays a critical role in self-defense in the presence of inflammatory stress. Methods: Raw 264.7 cells were pretreated with GRo (up to $200{\mu}M$) for 1 h before treatment with 1 mg/mL LPS, and both cell viability and inflammatory markers involving HO-1 were evaluated. Results: GRo significantly increased cell viability in a dose dependent manner following treatment with LPS, and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. GRo decreased inflammatory cytokines such as nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 induced by LPS. Moreover, GRo increased the expression of HO-1 in a dose dependent manner. Cotreatment of GRo with tin protoporphyrin IX, a selective inhibitor of HO-1, not only inhibited upregulation of HO-1 induced by GRo, but also reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of GRo in LPS treated Raw 264.7 cells. Conclusion: GRo induces anti-inflammatory effects following treatment with LPS via upregulation of HO-1.