• 제목/요약/키워드: s level of self-differentiation

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스타틴 그리고 배아줄기세포에서의 작용 (Statins and Their Effects on Embryonic Stem Cells)

  • 이미희;한용만;조이숙
    • 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.59-66
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    • 2007
  • 배아줄기세포를 이용한 치료법 개발을 위해서는 배아줄기세포의 자가재생산 및 분화과정을 조절하는 분자적 기전을 이해하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 지질합성경로(Mevalonate pathway)에 작용하는 HMG-CoA 환원효소(Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase)의 억제제인 스타틴은 콜레스테롤 저하제로 잘 알려져 있으며, 콜레스테롤 이외에 단백질 isoprenylation의 기질로 작용하는 아이소프레노이드(Isoprenoids)(Farnesyl pyrophosphate(FPP), Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate(GGPP))의 생성을 억제하는 효능을 가지고 있다. 스타틴에 의해 매개되는 표적단백질의 isoprenylation 억제는 다양한 세포내 신호전달과정에 영향을 미치게 되며, 결과적으로 세포기능을 조절하는데 핵심적인 역할을 하게 된다. 스타틴이 첨가된 배양배지에서 배양된 배아줄기세포는 자가재생산능이 억제되고 분화가 촉진되는데, 특히 지방/골세포 직계열로의 분화가 촉진된다. 배아줄기세포에서의 스타틴의 효과 및 작용기전에 대한 이해가 아직은 미비한 수준이나, 최근 우리 연구팀에서는 스타틴이 콜레스테롤 작용과는 무관하게 RhoA G-단백질의 세포내 분포 및 활성을 억제함으로써 배아 줄기세포의 자가재생산능을 억제하고 있음을 규명하였다. 스타틴 다면효과와 그 작용에 대한 이해는 배아줄기세포의 미분화 및 분화상태를 조절하는데 관여하는 분자적 조절기전을 이해하는데 중요한 모델이 될 수 있을 것으로 추정된다.

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현장직원의 서비스 지향성이 GWP에 미치는 영향 (A Study for Service Orientation's of Field Staff Effect on the GWP)

  • 김영순;김현수
    • 서비스연구
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 2015
  • 서비스는 경쟁업체와 차별화시킴으로써 기업의 생산성을 향상시키고 기업에 대한 고객의 충성심을 극대화시키는데 그 목적이 있다. 대중교통 서비스를 이용하는 소비자의 욕구와 요구도 과거에 비해 매우 다양하게 나타나고 있으며, 기업의 서비스를 바라보는 소비자의 눈높이도 당연히 높아지고 있다. 기업이 이러한 환경 속에서 살아남기 위해서는 충성고객의 확보와 함께 서비스 수준을 향상시키는 일이 반드시 필요하다. 서비스 개선을 위해서는 내부고객인 직원의 사기를 높이고 업무에 적극적으로 참여시키는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 고객만족도 향상을 위해서는 구성원들이 서비스 지향성을 갖추고 고객을 응대해야 하며 이러한 서비스 지향성이 내부직원들에게도 영향을 미쳐 일하기 좋은 기업을 만드는데 영향을 미치는지 검증하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 도시철도운영기관의 현장에서 근무하는 직원들의 서비스 지향성이 GWP를 조성하는데 미치는 영향을 측정하여 향후 많은 기업에서 일하기 좋은 기업을 만드는데 시사점을 제시하고자 한다.

Expression of the C1orf31 Gene in Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Cancer Cells

  • Ahn, Jin-Seop;Moon, Sung-Hwan;Yoo, Jung-Ki;Jung, Hyun-Min;Chung, Hyung-Min;Kim, Jin-Kyeoung
    • Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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    • 제32권4호
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    • pp.223-227
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    • 2008
  • Human embryonic stem (ES) cells retain the capacity for self-renewal, are pluripotent and differentiate into the three embryonic germ layer cells. The regulatory transcription factors Oct4, Nanog and Sox2 play an important role in maintaining the pluripotency of human ES cells. The aim of this research was to identify unknown genes upregulated in human ES cells along with Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. This study characterizes an unknown gene, named chromosome 1 open reading frame 31 (C1orf31) mapping to chromosome 1q42.2. The product of C1orf31 is the hypothetical protein LOC388753 having a cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIb (COX6b) motif. In order to compare expression levels of C1orf31 in human ES cells, human embryoid body cells, vascular angiogenic progenitor cells (VAPCs), cord-blood endothelial progenitor cells (CB-EPCs) and somatic cell lines, we performed RT-PCR analysis. Interestingly, C1orf31 was highly expressed in human ES cells, cancer cell lines and SV40-immortalized cells. It has a similar expression pattern to the Oct4 gene in human ES cells and cancer cells. Also, the expression level of C1orf31 was shown to be upregulated in the S phase and early G2 phase of synchronized HeLa cells, leading us to purpose that it may be involved in the S/G2 transition process. For these reasons, we assume that C1orf31 may play a role in on differentiation of human ES cells and carcinogenesis.

취학전 아동의 놀이 형태 분석 (The Play of Korean Preschool Children)

  • 최진
    • 아동학회지
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    • 제1권
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    • pp.15-27
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    • 1980
  • PURPOSE This study was intended to analyze the play-form of normal preschool children as related to age, sex, educational experience and social maturity. METHOD 1. Subjects The subjects of this study were eighty seven 3-, 4- and 5-year-old preschool children attending educational institutions in Seoul. 2. Instruments The instruments used in this study consisted of twenty one-minute observations in 5 preschool settings and a questionnaire designed to measure the children's social maturity filled in by their parents. The observations provided information on the children's free play, that is 1) play-form: solitary, parallel and group play 2) use/non-use of toys 3) behavior: play, activity, doing nothing, onlooking 4) stationary/moving dimensions 5) play group size The questionnaire measured such factors as communication, socialization, locomotion, self-help and self-direction. 3. Data Analysis Data analysis consisted of percentage and Chi square. RESULTS 1. Play-Form The relationship between age and play-form proved to be significant at the .05 level. That is, in both boys and girls, solitary play decreased with age and group play increased with age while parallel play maintained a similar position. The relationship between sex and play-form proved to be significant at the .05 level in 3-& 4-year-old children, but not significant in 5-year-old children. That is, in their $3^{rd}$ year boys engage in the solitary play more than girls and in their $4^{th}$ year boys engage in more group play than girls. 2. Toys Without differentiation of sex and age, cases of using toys in play exceed those cases where toys were not used. 3. Behavior The relationship between age and behavior proved to be significant at the .05 level in both boys and girls. That is, with increase of age, play decreased and activity increased in boys while play increased and doing nothing decreased in girls. 4. Moving Status Totally, moving occurred more frequently in play than stationary status. Moving proved not to have a significant relationship with age, but it did Navel a significant relationship with sex at the .05 level. That is, moving tended to increase with the increase in age in both boys and girls, but not at a significant level. Boys moved significantly more than girls in all three age levels. 5. The Relationship between Educational Experience and Play-Form There was a tendency for children with longer preschool experience to engage in less solitary play and more group play than children who had less than one semester of preschool experience, but this difference was not statistically significant. 6. The Relationship between Social Maturity and Play-Form The high social maturity group engaged in less solitary play and more group play than the low social maturity group, but this was not a statistically significant difference. 7. Play Group Size Play group size was 2~10 children, but the majority of play groups consisted of 2~3 children. There was a tendency for play groups composed of 2 children to decrease with age and play groups composed of 3 children to increase with age. No significant difference was found between the sexes in play group size.

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인간 배아 줄기세포와 암 세포에서의 C6orf62의 발현 패턴 (Expression of C6orf62 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Cancer Cells)

  • 유한나;류중기;최성준;김진경
    • Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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    • 제34권3호
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    • pp.229-233
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    • 2010
  • Pluripotency and self-renewal capacity of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are retained by hESCs related genes as OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG. These genes are shown high expression level in diverse cancer cells and have potential role in the carcinogenesis. On the contrary to this, several genes which are up-regulated in the differentiated hESCs are involved to suppress the carcinogenesis or proliferation of cells. We discovered several genes in immortalized lung fibroblast (WI-38 VA13) by suppression subtractive hybridization. Among them, we focused chromosome 6 open reading frame 62 (C6orf62) which is uncharacterized, mapped to 6p22.3 and generated to Hepatitis B virus X-transactivated proteins (HBVx-transactivated proteins, XTP). Aim of this study was to characterize C6orf62 through analyzing of expression pattern in various cell lines. Expression of C6orf62 was significantly upregulated in diverse normal cell lines than cancer cell lines. And C6orf62 was up-regulated in differentiated hESCs (endothelial cells, neural cells) compared to those of undifferentiated hESCs. Also, C6orf62 in WI-38 cells was highly up-regulated during G1/S transition of the cell cycle. Taken together, C6orf62 is shown expression pattern similar to differentiated hESCs-associated genes which down-regulated in cancer cells. Therefore, we assume that C6orf62 may participate to suppress the proliferation and to induce differentiation through regulating the cell cycle.

대구 게임산업의 경영위기와 회복력에 대한 분석 (Analysing Management Crises and Resilience of the Game Industry in Daegu)

  • 전지혜;이철우
    • 한국경제지리학회지
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    • 제24권3호
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    • pp.313-329
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구는 대구 게임산업을 대상으로 그 기업들의 자체 평가에 기초하여 경영위기 특성과 회복력 수준 그리고 그 대안을 분석하였다. 1990년대 말 자생적으로 태동한 대구 게임산업은 정부와 지원기관의 지원 하에 2000년대 후반까지 급격히 성장하였지만, 2010년대 중반부터 모바일게임 시장의 포화상태 및 국내외 치열한 경쟁 상황에 대응하지 못한 기업이 속출하면서 침체기에 접어들게 되었다. 이에 대해 일부 게임업체들은 제품 차별성 추구와 새로운 판로 개척을 위한 도전적 전략을 취함으로써 위기 상황을 오히려 경쟁력을 강화시키는 계기로 만든 반면, 위기 대응에 소극적이었던 기업들은 경영위기를 벗어나지 못했다. 또한 회복력 수준을 분석한 결과, 대구 게임업체들은 충격에 즉각적으로 대응(신속성)하고 타격받은 부분을 대체(대체성)하는 수준은 낮지만 내부적으로 충분한 자원을 동원(자원동원성)할 수 있는 수준은 높았다. 하지만 대구 게임산업이 과거에 비해 더욱 복잡한 다중 공간적 스케일의 환경변화에 직면하고 있기 때문에, 앞으로 회복력은 개별기업 차원의 노력을 넘어서 게임산업 생태계 측면에서 약한 부분을 보완할 수 있는 전략을 통해 강화되어야 할 것이다.

GAP 인증인삼 현황과 4P 전략 (Situations of GAP certified ginseng and 4P's strategies)

  • 김관후;홍승지
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제38권2호
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    • pp.369-381
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    • 2011
  • Ginseng in Korea has not only the big production value but also till a good reputation from overseas in the name of 'Korea Ginseng'. Having spread rapidly nationwide from 2000 year, its production keeps on increasing but its consumption becomes lazy and its price is also falling down because of comsumer's concern about mainly overusing pesticide for ginseng. In order to cope with this problem, the government introduced the GAP certification system to ginseng in 2006 to reflect consumer's needs for food safety. This system will be a good opportunity to promote ginseng consumption dramatically. In this aspect it is very important to know how well this system is established and how ginseng farmers build marketing strategies to draw new wind in the market. This study was carried out to look over the GAP certified ginseng system and show its marketing strategies using 4P's(product, place, promotion and price). The main results are as follows. GAP ginseng system currently has some weaknesses such as lack of systematic certification management and after-service, nonrealistic certification fee and poor linkage from production to consumption. In the marketing mix strategies, product strategy suggests that the most desirable appearance be transplanted ginseng filled with branch roots and 4 to 5 year-ginseng, and it is necessary to choose multi-brand strategy divided for present into for self-sufficiency and family brand strategy by use if its brand enlarges to processed products in the future. In the place strategy, 3 stages like 'producer group' - 'GAP certified facility' - 'sales shop' are based as the physical marketing channel according to traceability, and connected with giant retail market and environment friendly stand, and if its sales volume enlarges, it should be considered the GAP ginseng specialized marketplace which is a type of chain store. In the promotion strategy, the promotion of government level is necessary at first and producer alliances require the promotion targeting at the group of women under 40 with differentiation from price, quality, and safety. In the price strategy, the early stage-high price strategy which sets 20~25% higher for self-sufficiency and 30~35% for present is desirable.

Lesch-Nyhan 증후군 장기 추적관찰: 분홍 기저귀 (A Long Term Follow Up Two Cases of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Pink Diaper)

  • 김재영;송웅주;김봉옥;하비리비;김숙자
    • 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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    • 제24권1호
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    • pp.26-36
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    • 2024
  • Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS)은 X-염색체 열성 장애로 퓨린 재활용 효소인 hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT)의 결핍으로 인해 발생하는 선천성 대사질환이다. 임상 증상은 잔여 효소 활성도 및 유전적 돌연변이에 따라 다양하다. 국내에서는 27례의 LNS 사례가 보고되어 있다. 분홍색 기저귀로 방문했던 2례의 환아중에서 잔여 효소가 전혀 없는 LNS로 사망한 1례와 잔여 효소가 부분적으로 존재하는 1례의 11년간 비교 추적 관찰한 결과를 보고한다. 증례 1: 핑크색 기저귀로 병원에 내원하여 반복적인 구내염으로 치료를 받다가 2개월에 경련발작으로 시작하여 심한 단백질 식품 거부, 발달지연, 퇴행이 있어 뇌성마비로 재활치료를 받던 중 만 6세에 LNS로 진단되어 요산치료로 요산은 정상화 되었으나 심한 불면증과 변비가 관찰되었다. 자해 행동과 척추 측만증, 간질 대발작, 심한 경직을 동반하며 몸통 근육긴장 저하, 무도무정위 운동과 운동실조가 진행성으로 심해졌다. 체중이 줄고 심한 영양실조 상태와 콩팥 모양의 요로 결석, 반복적 재발성 폐렴으로 병원 치료를 받다가 11세에 갑자기 사망하였다. 유전자 검사 결과 반접합성 HPRT1 변종(c.151C>T(p.Arg51Ter))이 밝혀졌다. 요산 수치는 10.5 mg/dl(정상 범위: ~3.5-7.9), HPRT 활성도는 0.02 nmol/hr/spot (10-23.8 nmol/hr/spot)이었다. 증례 2: 핑크색 기저귀로 병원에 방문하여 요산이 높아진 것을 알게 되었고 단백질을 거부하는 식사 습관이 있으며 저체중 상태로 성장하였다. 초등학교에 다니는 정상적인 지능을 가지고 있었고 자해 증상은 전혀 관찰되지 않았으며 정기적인 신장 초음파 검사에서 전혀 요로결석 없이 추적관찰 되었다. 유전자 검사상 반접합성 HPRT1 변이체(c.35A>C(p.Asp12Ala))를 가지고 있었으며 요산 수치와 HPRT 활성도는 11 mg/dL, 0.56 nmol/hr/spot이었다. 신생아 시기 이후까지 핑크색 기저귀가 보이며 심한 단백질 거부, 신경학적인 문제, 및 신장 결석을 동반한 경우 LNS에 대한 감별이 필요하다. 의심이 될 경우 혈청 요산 수치, HPRT 효소 활성도, 그리고 분자 생물학적인 검사가 LNS의 예후를 예측하는데 도움이 될 수 있다.

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녹두(綠豆) 에탄올 추출물 및 분획물이 피부의 미백, 항염증 효과에 미치는 영향 (The influences of Phaseolus radiatus L.'s Ethanol Extracts and Fractions on Skin Whitening and Anti-inflammatory Effects)

  • 이유림;최정화;박수연;정민영;이호찬;송지혜
    • 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.39-49
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    • 2018
  • Objectives : This study is designed to clarify whitening, anti-inflammatory effect of fractions extracted from the mixture of Phaseolus radiatus L. and ethanol. Methods : In this experiment, we were intended to reveal whitening, anti-inflammatory effect of fractions extracted from the mixture of Phaseolus radiatus L. and ethanol. The whitening activity was confirmed by UV blocking activity, tyrosinase inhibiting activity, and melanin formation inhibiting activity. Anti-inflammatory activity is confirmed by measurement of cytotoxicity level by MTT assay and measurement of Cytokine expression, which is the main mediator of inflammation reaction. Results : As a results, overall activity was high in the ethyl acetate fraction. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was less than 20% at all concentrations, but the activity to inhibit melanin self-production was higher than that of ethyl acetate fraction at $32.19{\pm}2.79%$ at $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. And ethyl acetate fraction had a relatively high UV blocking activity. In the anti-inflammatory test, the concentration-dependent activity was shown, and the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed significant NO production inhibitory activity. Cytokine expression was superior to that of the final stage of B cell differentiation, and cell viability was over 80% except for the chloroform fraction at the concentration of $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Conclusions : The results of this experiment confirmed the whitening effect and anti-inflammatory effect of Phaseolus radiatus L.'s extracts and fractions and report the possibility of application as external medicine.

소비자의 라이프스타일에 따른 서비스품질 지각 차이에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Consumer's Service Quality Perception Based on the Types of Life-style)

  • 박윤서;이승인;최인
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.53-67
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    • 2009
  • For the last decades, service quality has been studied as one of the most important tools for a service company to compete with the other companies. Based on these past researches, it has been agreed that the service quality is a basic and powerful tool to create the competitive advantage. Due to similar reason, many service marketing practitioners have been also focused on the service quality to retain the existing consumers and collect the new consumers. However, service quality is subjectively perceived by individual consumers. Consumer evaluation of service quality can be different from each other. Especially consumers with one life-style may evaluate the service quality differently from the consumers with the other life-styles. Therefore we need to know whether there are differences in service quality perception on the categories of life-style. Life-style refers to a distinctive mode of living in its aggregate and broadest sense. It embodies the patterns that were developed and emerged from the dynamics of living in a society. Since the concept of life-style and its relationship to marketing was introduced in 1963 by William Lazer, methods of measuring the life-style and their application have been developed. Life-style has been usually used to segment the marketplace because it offers marketers a unique and important view of the market. When Life-style is combined with clustering methods, life-style segmentation can generate identifiable whole persons rather than isolated fragment. Life-style segmentation begins with people instead of products and classifies them into different life-style types, each characterized by a unique style of living based on a wide range of activities, interests, and opinions(Plummer, 1974). In this study we applies the life-style segmentation based on the AIO(Activities, Interests, and Opinions) to the consumers of the large discount stores. In Korea, the large discount store market has entered into maturity stage so that the market differentiation strategy is becoming a more critical issue to the marketing practitioners. One of the most important tools to differentiate from the competitors in large discount store market is continuously to provide service of better quality than competitors. This study tries to find answers about the following questions: 1) How can we categorize the consumer life-styles in the large discount store? 2) What are the characteristics of the categorized groups? 3) Are there any differences in service quality perception among the consumers with different life-styles 4) Are there any differences in consumer behavior among them in the large discount store? For the purpose, we collected survey data from consumers and analyzed the data with the SPSS package where we had $X^2$-test, factor analysis, ANOVA, MANOVA, and cluster analysis. The survey was made during one month in the April of 2008. Among the collected 306 copies of questionnaires, 281 copies were chosen as the effective samples for empirical analysis except 25 copies with wrong responses. To identify the life-style patterns, we used the measures employed by Kim and Kwon(1999), where 44 items on a seven-point scale were used to measure factors of the life-style patterns. The Principal Component Method was used for factor extraction, and the VARIMAX orthogonal factor rotation was employed. The 7 items showing low factor loading were eliminated. The results of the factor analysis suggested that nine factors of the life-style patterns were identified as follows: 1) the equality-of-sexes and pursuit-of-independence tendency 2) self-management tendency 3) sociable tendency 4) self-display tendency 5) degree of a dilettante life 6) pursuit-of-information tendency 7) bargain hunter tendency 8) TV preference tendency 9) pursuit-of-leisure tendency. Next, after the K-means cluster analysis was performed with nine factors of the life-style patterns, the life-styles of the respondents were classified into four groups which are named as the 'progressive practicality-oriented group', 'positive success-oriented group', 'sociable ostentation-oriented group', 'stable conservation-oriented group'. The analysis results for usage behavior between the market segments showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of usage, duration time in the store, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty. Also, we tried to investigate whether the large discount store consumers differently perceive the quality of service based upon the types of life-style. To measure the service quality of large discount store, we adapted several measurement models measuring the service quality such as SERVPERF, BCP, R-SERVPERF, R-BCP. MANOVA and One-Way ANOVA were performed to confirm the difference in service quality perception based on the market segments. The results have also shown significant differences between life-style types in service quality perception. These findings show that the large discount store marketers should consider consumer life-style as one of the most important market segments for marketing and understand the difference in service quality perception between life-style types. Our findings give important implications to marketers of large discount stores as well as life-style researchers. First, this study showed there were significant differences in consumer's service quality perception and usage behavior between the types of life-style. It provides evidence that the life-style approach can be a important basis in segmenting the large discount store market and will make consumers perceive the service quality high. Second, most previous researches on service quality have been in aggregate level. However, our results imply that the future research on service quality have to focus on segment level.

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