• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.34-43
• /
• 1977

This study attempts to examine the performances of Myun Health Workers-the frontline workers in the Korean rural health care delivery system. The time-activity approach was mainly utilized as a measuring tool. This study was undertaken in September 1976 with 35 Myun Health Workers at the Kang Wha County. The pretested time-activity approach sheets were filled out daily for one month by those Myun Health Workers themselves. Statistical means and variances of analysis were utilized for statistical method in comparing some activities and functions converged into time distribution Findings: 1. The workers's average working hours derived in this study is 8 hours and 48 minutes per day, which takes half an hour longer than normal schedule. 2. They spend 56% working hour for direct services, in other words, the main function, 22% for supportive function, and 22% for other activities, the unrelated health services. 3. Considering the total working hours of main function, out-center activity is far more than in-center services with the ratio of 70% to 30% respectively, which proves, therefore, that the main activity of the workers is home visiting. 4. It takes 20 minutes purely for home visiting and takes 14 minutes for transportation. 5. This research also indicates that such factors as characteristics of the health workers and myun influence in shaping the structures of the worker's function and activity: a. The workers whose working site is located in myun office spend 15% among total working hours in carring out official myun activities, which is incidentally unrelated to health services, while the health subcenter have no rooms for administrative jobs for myun office. b. The workers whose office is in health subcenter contribute much time in doing main function and those working in special project distribute more time in performing supportive function. c. The types of workers are another dominant factor to influence the components of worker's functions and activities. MCH workers and MPW I spend much time for manipulating main function. d. MPW II, whose function is reorganized by special project in 2 myuns shows different pattern of time distribution compared to the TB worker orFP worker in the ordinary area. MPW II distributes their time evenly in performing MCH program, T.B. Program, F.P. program and education activity, while the unipurpose workers engage in carring out only their dominant role. e. Another variables which involve the variation of the worker's activity can be illustrated with the variables like target population, size of myun and convenience for transportation, among which the latter two are remarkable factors in determining the time for out-center service.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.80-85
• /
• 1977

과거 5년간 경북 선산군에서 남녀 불임수술을 받은 사람 232명 (남 136, 여 96)을 대상으로 실태를 조사한 결과 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 불임수슬시 연령은 30대가 정관수술자는 56.1%, 난관수술자는 71.7%로 평균연령은 정관이 37.0세, 난관이 34.9세였고 결혼기간은 평균 정관수술자가 13.9년, 난관수술자가 14.6년이었다. 자녀수는 정관수술자가 평균 아들 2.3, 딸 1.7, 합계 3.6명이고 난관수술자는 아들 2.2, 딸 1.7, 합계 3.7명이었다. 수술이유는 산아제한 목적이 정관수슬자는 91.1%, 난관수술자는 52.0%였고, 수술권유자는 가족계획요원이 정관은 70.5%, 난관은 47.9%였다. 수술전 피임실시자가 정관수술자는 51.3%이고 난관수술자는 49.7%였으며 이상적인 피임방법으로 생각하고있는 것은 정관수술자는 정관수술이 72.0%, 난관수술자는 난관수술 59.3%이라고 진술하였고 수술전 인공유산 경험율이 정관수술자의 부인이 65.3%, 난관수술자는 64.2%였다. 수술후 성교회수가 많아진 사람이 정관수술은 21.3% 난관수술은 10.4%였고 성생활이 시술 이전보다 더 만족한 경우는 정관이 33%, 난관이 14.5%였다. 다른 사람에게 불임수술을 권유할 의사가 있는 사람이 정관수술의 경우 64.7%, 난관수술자는 63.5%였다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.1-4
• /
• 2016

농촌진흥청에서는 1971년부터 2013년까지 10년 주기로 논잡초 발생 분포조사를 실시하여 논잡초의 효율적인 관리에 이용되고 있다. 1971년에는 주로 마디꽃, 쇠털골, 물달개비 등 일년생잡초가 많이 발생된 반면에, 1981년에는 피의 발생이 줄어들고, 물달개비와 올미, 벗풀 등의 광엽잡초가 우점하였다. 1991년에는 일년생잡초 보다는 올방개, 올미, 벗풀 등과 같은 다년생잡초가 많았다. 2000년에는 물달개비가 가장 많이 발생되었고 그 다음으로 올방개, 피, 벗풀 등이었다. 2013년에는 제초제 저항성잡초인 피와 물달개비가 최우점하였으며, 올방개, 올챙이고랭이, 벗풀 등의 순이었다. 향후 논잡초 발생은 피의 발생량이 계속 증가할 것이고, 다년생잡초가 일년생잡초보다 발생비율이 높아질 것으로 예상된다. 또 이러한 추세는 기후변화와 재배방식 등의 농업패턴 변화로 제초제 저항성 잡초와 외래잡초의 발생이 증가될 것이다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.277-293
• /
• 1997

This study was conducted to provide basic materials required to enforce and develop welfare policies, as well as the health system, for the aged, by surveying the status of health care utilized by the daily increasing old population and the importance of receiving physical therapy. Data that need in this research was gathered from over ages of 65, during the period from Jan 4, 1996 to Jan 31, using the inquiries previously made by geriatric researchers and through literatures investigator by this writer. The data were analyzed by $X^2$, Z-test, Likert scale. The findings were as follows : 1) General characteristics of subjects. People in the age group between 65 and 69 were 55.6% and the highest number, while male were 37% and female 63%. Analysis of income group disclosed 60.6% whose monthly income, including the pocket money given by children, was less than 200,000 won. 91.1% of the elderly people surveyed owned houses; only 36.4% live with spouses; while 15.6% live alone. 2) Characteristics with respect to utilization of health care institution. 56% of the total medical institutions used by the elderly people were clinics and the rates of chronic disease and musculoskeletal disease were 73.2%. 3) Characteristics with respect to approach of health care institution. 45.1% of the respondent stated it took 20 minutes to arrive at hospital, and bus accounted for 48.6% of all transportation means used to go to hospital. 4) Degree of cognition with respect to the rights of geriatric patients. (1) There is no financial support from the government for geriatric patients(71.4%). (2) Government financial support is needed for geriatric patients(95.3%). (3) Have never been regionally surveyed or called upon for interviews with respect to treatment desire and problems relating to geriatric patients(87.2%). (4) Health and medical policies for geriatric patients must be established rapidly(98.4). (5) Expansion and construction of specialized medical facilities for geriatric patients such as elderly hospital and medical center are needed(90.2%). (6) Government's welfare policies for the elderly people is insufficient(82.0%) 5) Degree of cognition on importance of physical therapy with respect to geriatric patient. (1) Physical therapy is considered most effective in treating geriatric patients(82.9%). (2) Physical therapists specializing in only elderly people must be need of separately(76.2%). (3) It is desirable for medical specialists to visit geriatric patients at home to provide physical therapy(82.9%). (4) Hospitals specializing in physical therapy for geriatric patient are required(85.6%). Based on the result for this research, the following suggestions are presented to facilitate the utilization of health care institution for the welfare of geriatric patients. Medical facilities such as elderly hospital and geriatric patient's medical center specializing in elderly people must be constructed as early as possible; and home-visiting physical therapist system must be important to treat chronic geriatric patients; our government must establish policies to provide the old ages with means for the health care and curing chronic diseases, and carry out the plans of reasonable distribution and effective untilization of medical resources.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.76-83
• /
• 2012

이 연구는 대전광역시의 응급의료 취약지를 도출하고 그 지역의 보건학적 특성을 규명하기 위해 시행하였다. 응급의료 취약지는 GIS의 비용가중분석 기법을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 응급의료센터로부터 30분 이내에 접근이 어려운 지역으로 정의하였다. 응급의료 취약 여부에 따른 보건학적 특성은 SPSS 17.0을 이용하여 교차분석을 시행하였다. 연구 결과, 대전광역시의 응급의료 취약지는 12개의 행정동을 포함하고 있으며 이 지역에 약 8,100명이 거주하고 있었다. 응급의료 취약지여부에 따른 보건학적 특성의 차이를 교차 분석한 결과, 농어임업 인구, 국민기초생활수급권자 수, 장애인 수, 노인인구의 수가 카이제곱검정에서 유의하였다(p<0.05). 이번 연구를 통해 대전광역시의 응급의료 취약지를 선정할 수 있었으며 GIS 분석 시도로데이터를 적용하여 기존의 Buffer 방식(단순반경거리)보다 더 정확하고 현실적으로 응급의료 취약지를 선정할 수 있었다. 하지만 이 연구는 대전광역시에 국한되어 시행했기 때문에 향후에는 이 연구에 적용한 GIS 분석 기법과 응급의료 취약지 선정기준 등을 활용하여 전국을 대상으로 한 연구가 필요하다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제29권11호
• /
• pp.1555-1561
• /
• 2016

Shank skin color of Korean native chicken (KNC) shows large color variations. It varies from white, yellow, green, bluish or grey to black, whilst in the majority of European breeds the shanks are typically yellow-colored. Three shank skin color-related traits (i.e., lightness [$L^*$], redness [$a^*$], and yellowness [$b^*$]) were measured by a spectrophotometer in 585 progeny from 68 nuclear families in the KNC resource population. We performed genome scan linkage analysis to identify loci that affect quantitatively measured shank skin color traits in KNC. All these birds were genotyped with 167 DNA markers located throughout the 26 autosomes. The SOLAR program was used to conduct multipoint variance-component quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses. We detected a major QTL that affects $b^*$ value (logarithm of odds [LOD] = 47.5, $p=1.60{\times}10^{-49}$) on GGA24 (GGA for Gallus gallus). At the same location, we also detected a QTL that influences $a^*$ value (LOD = 14.2, $p=6.14{\times}10^{-16}$). Additionally, beta-carotene dioxygenase 2 (BCDO2), the obvious positional candidate gene under the linkage peaks on GGA24, was investigated by the two association tests: i.e., measured genotype association (MGA) and quantitative transmission disequilibrium test (QTDT). Significant associations were detected between BCDO2 g.9367 A>C and $a^*$ ($P_{MGA}=1.69{\times}10^{-28}$; $P_{QTDT}=2.40{\times}10^{-25}$). The strongest associations were between BCDO2 g.9367 A>C and $b^*$ ($P_{MGA}=3.56{\times}10^{-66}$; $P_{QTDT}=1.68{\times}10^{-65}$). However, linkage analyses conditional on the single nucleotide polymorphism indicated that other functional variants should exist. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time the linkage and association between the BCDO2 locus on GGA24 and quantitatively measured shank skin color traits in KNC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제17권7호
• /
• pp.3483-3487
• /
• 2016

Background: Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Tobacco consumption has grave negative consequences for health so that it is important to understand the reasons and motivations towards cigarette smoking and barriers against quitting smoking among the young generation for developing effective policies to control this widespread problem. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was carried out at the Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 438 young smokers participated from the University and the general population. Data were collected through anonymous, self-administered questionnaires in the Arabic language that contained questions about the reasons and motivations towards cigarette smoking and barriers against quitting smoking. The questionnaire also contained several questions regarding knowledge and attitude of the participants towards cigarette smoking. The data was analyzed on SPSS-16. Results: The mean age of the respondents was $22.9{\pm}3.48$, out of 438 subjects 87 (19.9%) were married, and 351 (80.1%) were unmarried, and 331 (75.6%) belonged to urban areas while 107 (24.5%) were from the rural areas. Responding to a question about a number of cigarettes smoked per day, 31% answered 11-20, 29% answered 21-30, and 25% answered 1-10. Questioned about smokers in the family, 34.5% responded more than one, with 19% for brother and 13% for father. About the reasons for not quitting smoking, 26% described lack of willpower, 25% had no reason, 22% said that people around me smoke, and 15.3% responded stress at home/work. The major motivation for smokers was smoker friends (42%), for 33.8% others, for 12% father/brother and 7.8% media. Conclusions: There are several avoidable and preventable reasons and barriers against quitting smoking. However, knowledge and attitude about smoking were good, and the majority of the smokers were well aware of the associated hazards. Therefore, there is a need to search out ways and means to help them to quit this addiction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.259-269
• /
• 2007

Recently, dietary pattern analysis was emerged as an approach to examine the relationships between diet and risk of chronic diseases. This study was to identify groups with population who report similar dietary pattern in Korean genome epidemiology study (KoGES) and association with several chronic diseases. The cohort participants living in Ansung and Ansan (Gyeonggi province) were totally 10,038. Among those, 6,873 subjects with no missing values in food frequency questionnaire were included in this analysis. After combining 103 food items into 17 food groups, 4 dietary factors were obtained by factor analysis based on their weights. Factor 1 showed high factor loadings in vegetables, mushrooms, meats, fish, beverages, and oriental-cereals. Factor 2 had high factor loadings in vegetables, fruits, fish, and factor 3 had high factor loadings in cereal-oriental, cerial-western and snacks. Factor 4 showed positive high factor loadings in rice and Kimchi and negative factor loadings in mushrooms and milk and dairy products. Using factor scores of four factors, subjects were classified into 3 clusters by K-means clustering. We named those 'Rice and Kimchi eating' group, 'Contented eating' group, and 'Healthy and light eating' group depending on their eating characteristics. 'Rice and Kimchi eating' group showed high prevalence in men, farmers and 60s. 'Contented eating' group and 'Healthy and light eating' group had high prevalence in women, people living in urban area (Ansan Citizen), with high-school education and above, and a monthly income of one million won and more. 'Contented eating' group appeared lower distribution proportion in the sixties and 'Healthy and light eating' group does higher in the fifties. 'Contented eating' versus 'Rice and Kimchi eating', odds ratio for hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity significantly decreased after adjusting age and sex (OR=0.64, 0.73, and 0.85 respectively, 95% CI). Although our results were from a cross-sectional study, these imply that the dietary patterns were related to diseases.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제15권12호
• /
• pp.222-233
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 다문화사회유입이 지역공동체에 미친 영향을 정치(행정) 경제 사회 문화의 네 유형으로 분류하여 유형별 긍정적인 영향과 부정적인 영향으로 분석하여 살펴보았다. 일부 부정적인 평가를 하고 있으나 대부분의 응답자는 다문화사회의 유입이 우리나라 발전에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤고 향후에도 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각하고 있다. 분석결과 다문화사회가 지역공동체에 미친 가장 긍정적인 영향 분야는 정치(행정), 경제, 사회, 문화의 네 분야 중 문화분야 라고 평가하고 있으며, 반면 가장 부정적인 영향을 미친 분야는 사회분야라고 평가하고 있다. 그 동안 우리는 획일화된 민족주의 문화속에서 살다가 이질적인 외국인주민들이 급속히 증가하면서 서로 간의 가치관 차이와 문화충돌로 인해 갈등이 발생하고 있지만 외국인주민들은 대체적으로 우리 사회에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 실질적으로 결혼이민자는 농촌총각의 결혼문제를 해결하여 사회범죄 발생률을 낮추는 효과는 물론 인구감소 현상을 막아주고 있다. 또한 외국인근로자는 우리나라 사람들이 회피하는 3D업종에 낮은 임금으로 취업하여 우리나라 경제발전에 기여하고 있다.

• 지역연구
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.131-153
• /
• 1999

Since 1980's there have been two trends that obviously developed in the would -- economics globalization and urban internationalization. China, with is reform and opening-up policy and rapid economic growth, keeps pace with these two trends. The term "International City" has no putative standard or definition. If we make an analogue of urban functional hierarchy in the world with a pyramid, the International Citiesa are the few elites on its top. The highest level international cities can be called "World City" or "Global City". In today's new international division of labor, they are diversified leading cities with control capacity on a world scale, like New York, London, and Tokyo. The secondary international cities are either diversified cities with influence and regulative functions on multinational scale or specialized cities on politics, economics, culture, or other aspects with worldwide impact. Judged by different criteria, there is no city that is qualified as International City with the exception of Hong Kong, which was returned to the P.R. of China in 1997. Nevertheless, Some favorable conditions for the development of the international city still exist in China. This country is already the sixth largest economic entity in the world, and the second largest economic entity in the world, and the second largest one if GNP estimated by ppp. Furthermore its import and export value make up for 40% of its GNP, indicating that China is repidly merging into global economy. In this 1, 2 billion-population country, the difference of economic levels between urban and rural, coastal and inland regions is so big that a few metropolises in the coastal region have the possibilities and potentials to develop into international cities regardless of rather low GNP per capita of the whole country. This article will focus on analysis from several perspectives, such as the proportion of foreign trade values in GDP, the proportion of imports and exports by foreign funded enterprises in total foreign trade value; distribution of the 500 largest foreign-funded enterprises; distribution of the 500 enterprises with largest import and export values; distrigbution of foreign computer and telecom companies with offices in China; the number of outward flights per week and the international tourists; the value of foreign capital used in cities and so on. From this analysis, it is predicted that Chinese international cities will surely emergy from the eastern coastal regions and they must be the core cities of metropolitan interlocking regions that have been formed or in the process of forming. Those international cities will arise from south to north in turn : Hong Kong-Guangzhu, Shanghai, Beijing-Tianjin, and perhaps the last one is Dalian-Shenyang. The other side of this issue is that there is a long way for the coming international cities in China except Hong Kong. At least China and these core cities must continually devote to (1) improve the regional composition of foreign capital sources. (2) improve the composition of export commodities. (3) improve the investment environment (including hard and soft environment) to attract more transnational corporations to settle. (4) deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises and establish Chinese own transnational corporations to enter the world market.ons to enter the world market.