• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.467-475
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• 2012

In this study, the problems were analyzed that derived a different position evaluation results depending on the unit grid size that are applied to the terrain slope analysis conducted to assess the its position and environmental impacts in the prior environment reviewing process of golf course construction projects. For this purpose, the unit grid size were analyzed that can precisely reflect a actual terrain by analyzing the change of a slope percentage according to the change of unit grid size about 12 golf courses is currently in progress of construction work through the environmental consultation or ongoing consultation. And the consultation availability of environmental assessment was reverified by applying the unit grid size derived through this study about a study golf course. In the result of study, the bigger grid size for slope analysis is set, the greatly gradient is changed and the slope ratio of the higher elevation was lowly evaluated in comparison with actual terrain. The analytical result that most closely match the actual terrain was extracted in the case applied $5m{\times}5m$ of the unit grid sizes setting in this study. So, we proposed this study results to the ministry of environment and could be amended the unit grid size of $5m{\times}5m$ as standard for the analysis of slope. Also, if new grid size for site evaluation is applied to the study sites, 4 sites exceed the standard suggested the existing regulations and they are not proper as golf course site in flank of environment.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.25-31
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• 2015

Due to environmental regulations (RoHS, WEEE and ELV) of the European Union, electronics and automotive electronics have to eliminate toxic substance from electronic devices and system. Specifically, reliability issue of lead-free solder joint have an increasing demand for the car electronics caused by ELV banning. The authors prepared engine control unit and cabin electronics soldered with Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305). To compare with the degradation characteristics of solder joint strength, thermal cycling test (TC), power-thermal cycling test (PTC) and series tests were conducted. Series tests were conducted for TC and PTC combined stress test using the same sample in sequence and continuously. TC test was performed at $-40{\sim}125^{\circ}C$ and soak time 10 min for 1000 cycles. PTC test was applied by pulse power and full function conditions during 100 cycles. Combined stress test was tested in accordance with automotive company standard. Solder joint degradation was observed by optical microscopy and environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). In addition, to compare with deterioration of bond strength of quad flat package (QFP) and chip components, we have measured lead pull and shear strength. Based on the series test results, consequently, we have validated of series test method for lifetime and reliability of Pb-free solder joint in automotive electronics.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.10 no.4 s.22
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• pp.95-103
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• 2002

The accuracy of Digital Map does not meet the user's expectation, including the many errors caused while producing the project, this will be useless resulting waste of enormous national budget. To solve this Accuracy problem, clear regulations about the position accuracy of scaled Digital Map should be set immediately and provide the users with accurate information about Digital Map enabling the users to use Digital Map for each GIS application field. For this reason, the position accuracy evaluation of existing Digital Maps produced in diverse methods is on demand. In this study, therefore, we performed horizontal position survey of local selected Facilities Total Station equipment to evaluate the horizontal position accuracy of 1:1,000, 1:5,000 scaled Digital Map, obtained standard deviation using the results, performed T-Test to confirm the presence of bias and evaluated the position accuracy of Digital Map.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.1055-1067
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• 2013

We attempted to apply the HACCP system adopted in the food industry to a olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) aquaculture farm to ensure the hygiene safety of farmed fish. In this study, HACCP system procedures, including HACCP team organization, critical point determination, establishment of standard limits etc., were established using Codex 12 procedures. To determine whether hazards were critical elements, we evaluated the likelihood and seriousness of each hazard element. The likelihood of residual medicine exceeding the acceptable limit in shipped fish products was demonstrated to be a critical hazard element. Management of the shipment stage was determined to be a critical control point (CCP). Checking the records for stock and release and maintaining a history of medicine use before shipping the fish were suggested as monitoring methods. The standards for acceptable residual medicine were set based on relevant laws and regulations, and then the limits were adapted and established for the CCP. An HACCP plan applicable to olive flounder farms was established.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.187-203
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• 2014

Objectives: As the demand to deal with pathogens in domestic research institutions has expanded and biological accidents have increased, the need for systematic biosafety management in infectious disease laboratories has grown. According to international standards, risk assessment (RA) is required for biosafety management. However, RA criteria have not been clearly established in Korea, so to this end I have attempted to determine RA criteria meeting international levels Methods: In order to provide RA criteria for application, I analyzed the RA criteria in use in the U.S., Europe and at international organizations. In order to ensure the public nature of the RA criteria, I constructed the research model through modified management consulting methodology reflecting the model of Radnor and O'Mahoney. Results: According to the results of the study, existing laboratory biosafety regulations were comparable to domestic laboratory safety laws. Existing laboratory biosafety standards that are designed around risk factors were found to be insufficient. An RA case to be carried out in infectious disease laboratories at the National Institute of Health of KCDC was identified. Conclusion: To establish a systematic risk management system meeting international standards, it was necessary first to harmonize the systems of national and international standards. In addition, in order to provide specific biosafety management on-site, I recognized a need for methodology and planning strategies to discover biosafety management so that it can be carried out as required through the RA of individual laboratories.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.26-34
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify and improve the performance of the adjacent room ventilation system in living room ventilation facilities, and compare and analyze the smoke control regulations of the NFPA code and the national fire safety standard (NFSC). The analysis method was fire dynamics simulation (FDS) and was used to analyze the, variations of the air supply amount, width of the boundary, change in indoor combustion and wind velocity of the incoming air. It was found to be advantageous to secure the clean layer when the amount of air supplied is less than the amount of discharged air in the fire room. However, in the supply room, it is more effective to secure the clean layer when the amount of supplied air is larger than the amount of discharged air, as a longer boundary width gives rise to better performance. In addition, it is necessary to consider the amount of air supplied and discharged as a function of the kind of flammable material. Moreover, decreasing the air inlet wind speed and amount of incoming air is advantageous for securing the clean layer of the fire room.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.601-608
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• 2021

Recently, despite a decrease in the number of working days and an increase in the number of non-working days due to an increase in the abnormal climate and the revision of the Labor Standards Act, a standard construction period reflecting this has not been established. For this reason, even if the appropriate construction period is calculated at the site, there is a situation where delays occur due to unexpected circumstances. Therefore, this study proposes a method of calculating the number of non-working days for railway bridgework construction that reflects changes in construction conditions and climate change and reflects this to railway bridgework construction, and the number of working days was calculated. As a result, the number of non-working days by region and month in Korea was derived, and through this, the necessity of regulations and standards for appropriate construction periods reflecting regional characteristics and characteristics of each construction type was presented.

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.25-34
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• 2024

This study proposes a new methodology to increase the flexibility and efficiency of the design data evaluation system by combining Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology in the architectural industry, OpenAI's interactive artificial intelligence, and ChatGPT. BIM technology plays an important role in digitally modeling and managing architectural information. Since architectural information is included, research and development are underway to review and evaluate BIM data according to conditions through program development. However, in the process of reviewing BIM design data, if the review criteria or evaluation criteria according to design change occur frequently, it is necessary to update the program anew. In order for designers or reviewers to apply the changed criteria, requesting a program developer will delay time. This problem was studied by using ChatGPT to modify and update the design data evaluation program code in real time. In this study, it is aimed to improve the changing standards and accuracy by enabling programming non-professionals to change the design regulations and calculation standards of the BIM evaluation program system using ChatGPT. In this study, in the BIM-based design certification automation evaluation program, a program in which the automation evaluation method is being studied based on the design certification evaluation manual was first used. In the design certification automation evaluation program, the programming non-majors checked the automation evaluation code by linking ChatGPT, and the changed calculation criteria were created and modified interactively. As a result of the evaluation, the change in the calculation standard was explained to ChatGPT and the applied result was confirmed.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.18
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• pp.27-62
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• 2002

The international sale contract is the central contracts in export-import transactions. A good sale contract or set of general conditions of sale will cover all the principal elements of the transaction, so that uncertainties are avoided. The parties' respective duties as concern the payment mechanism, transport contract and insurance responsibilities, inter alia, will all be clearly detailed in the contract. The following key clauses should be included in international contracts of sale and general conditions of sale: ${\bullet}$ preamble ${\bullet}$ identification of parties ${\bullet}$ description of goods ${\bullet}$ price and payment conditions ${\bullet}$ delivery periods and conditions ${\bullet}$ inspection of the goods - obligations and limitations ${\bullet}$ quantity or quality variations in the products delivered ${\bullet}$ reservation of title and passing of property rights ${\bullet}$ transfer of risk - how accomplished ${\bullet}$ seller's warranties and buyer's complaints ${\bullet}$ assignment of rights ${\bullet}$ force majeure clause and hardship clause ${\bullet}$ requirement that amendments and modifications be in writing ${\bullet}$ choice of law ${\bullet}$ choice of dispute resolution mechanism Under most systems of law, a party can be excused from a failure to perform a contract obligation which is caused by the intervention of a totally unforeseeable event, such as the outbreak of war, or an act of God such as an earthquake or hurricane. Under the American commercial code (UCC) the standard for this relief is one of commercial impracticability. In contrast, many civil law jurisdictions apply the term force majeure to this problem. Under CISG, the standard is based on the concept of impediments to performance. Because of the differences between these standards, parties might be well advised to draft their own force majeure, hardship, or excusable delays clause. The ICC publication, "Force Majeure and Hardship" provides a sample force majeure clause which can be incorporated by reference, as well as a hardship clause which must be expressly integrated in the contract. In addition, the ICC Model provides a similar, somewhat more concise formulation of a force majeure clause. When the seller wishes to devise his own excusable delays clause, he will seek to anticipate in its provision such potential difficulties as those related to obtaining government authorisations, changes in customs duties or regulations, drastic fluctuations in labour, materials, energy, or transportation prices, etc.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2010

A sanitary survey was conducted to evaluate the water quality and mussel (Mytilus edulis) conditions of two administrative shellfish growing waters: those designated as shellfish growing water for export, and adjacent waters on the east coast of Changseon Island, Namhae, Korea. In all, 1,656 seawater and 166 mussel samples were collected at 46 stations for seawater and five stations for the shellfish from January 2007 to December 2009. Both seawater and mussels were examined for total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The standard plate count and most probable number of Escherichia coli were also determined for the shellfish samples. The range of the geometric means and the estimated 90th percentiles of fecal coliform for seawater samples at each station were <1.8-4.1 MPN/100 mL and <1.8-22.3 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The sanitary conditions for both shellfish growing areas, the designated shellfish growing area and adjacent area in Changseon, met the 'Approved area' criteria of the United States National Shellfish Sanitation Program. The range of E. coli detected in mussels in these areas was <20-500 MPN/100 g; and only 3 of 166 samples exceeded 230 MPN/100 g, the European standard for the consumption of raw bivalves. Therefore, the mussel farms in the Changseon area are classified as 'Class A' according to criteria set in European Community regulations. However, the levels of E. coli in mussels in parts of the designated shellfish growing area and adjacent area exceeded the bacterial limits after rainfall exceeding 45 mm. Further studies are needed to fully define the conditions leading to a temporary closure to harvest after a rainfall event.