• 대한한의진단학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.215-223
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• 2013

Objectives Although tongue diagnosis is one of major diagnostic methods in east Asian traditional medicine, the standard of normal tongue color have not established. So we tried to suggest the method to establish the standard of normal tongue color range and the pilot data about the normal range. Materials and methods: 22 precedent study papers that presented the numerical data of normal (light red) tongue color were analyzed. At the same time, 46 adult people tongue color data were also collected and analyzed. Results Precedent studies showed remarkable fluctuations of the range of normal tongue color. Collected tongue color data of the 46 people showed mean Hue value 2 and standard deviation 14 in HSB system. Additionally, 3 ways of standard establishment for normal tongue color were suggested. Conclusion We suggest statistical method as a reasonable method for tongue color standard establishment and $2{\pm}14$ as a reference Hue value for normal tongue color.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권sup권
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• pp.3-8
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• 2007

Sugars are a ubiquitous component of our food supply and are consumed as a naturally occurring component of many foods and as additions to foods during processing, preparation, or at the table. Most fruits and dairy products are high in sugars and thus naturally occurring sugars are consumed as part of a healthy diet. Some countries developed recommended daily intake figures(daily values : DVs or guideline daily amounts: GDA) for nutrients, and some countries, but not most have developed DV/GDA for total sugars. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans established by the Korean Nutrition Society in 2005, did not include the reference values for total sugar or added sugar. The committee on Dietary Reference Intakes for sugar was constituted in 2006 and discussed whether to special added sugars or total sugar. Although added sugars are not chemically or physiologically different from naturally occurring sugars, many foods and beverages that are major sources of added sugars have lower micronutrient densities compared with foods and beverages that are major sources of naturally occuring sugars. But it was so hard to calculate a dietary intake of added sugar for Korean people, because there was insufficient information about contents of added sugar during processing or preparation of Korean food. Currently Korean or US food labels contain information on total sugars per serving but do not distinguish between sugars naturally present in food and added sugars. Therefore the committee decided to set the reference value for total sugar for Koreans. According to the recommended diet pattern for Koreans suggested by the Korean Nutrition Society, estimated sugar intake from the sugar containing food based on 2,000 kilocalories is 67 g or 13% of total energy. Based on the data available on risk of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome from the analysis of Korean NHANES, it was insufficient evidence to set a UL for total sugar, but tended to increase serum LDL cholesterol and obesity at over 20-25% of energy from total sugar when consumed with high carbohydrates. Therefore the committee on Dietary Reference Intakes for sugar set the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total sugar as 10-20% of total energy intake.

• Endocrinology and Metabolism
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.466-472
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• 2018

Background: Thyroid dysfunction is associated with negative neonatal and obstetric outcomes. Large differences in thyroid function reference intervals exist across different populations. These differences can be explained by population-specific factors, such as iodine status. Many countries in Latin America report iodine sufficiency, but relatively few countries have published up-to-date data on iodine levels and thyroid function in the overall population, and especially in pregnant women. We evaluated the iodine status of pregnant women in Chile and determined thyroid hormone reference ranges in this population. Methods: This was a prospective observational study of healthy Chilean women at their first prenatal visit before week 14. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine ($T_4$), free $T_4$, antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and iodine levels from spot urine samples were measured. Iodine status and the reference ranges for TSH were calculated. Results: A total of 1,022 pregnant women in the first trimester were selected. Urinary iodine levels were measured in 302 randomly-selected women. The median urinary iodine concentration was $173.45{\mu}g/L$ (interquartile range, 108.11 to 249.35).The reference ranges of TSH were calculated in 670 patients selected according to the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry guidelines. The median TSH level was $1.88{\mu}IU/mL$ (2.5th percentile: 0.13 to 97.5th percentile: 5.37). Using the reference range in the 1,022 women, the prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism was 1.76%, and that of subclinical hypothyroidism was 3.92%. TPOAb positivity was more common in women with TSH levels above $3.5{\mu}IU/mL$. Conclusion: We found adequate iodine intake and a right-shifted distribution of serum TSH levels in pregnant women in Chile. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in our sample of pregnant women was higher than has been described in the literature.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.3286-3292
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• 1996

An experimental results of optical requency locked loop with DFB semiconductor laser as VCO are presented. Using quadricorrelator as frequency difference detector and frequency off-set locking technique with 1GHz reference frequency, frequency locking range of 140MHz was achieved. This paper reports the design and realization details of the loop.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.370-376
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• 2023

Background The posterior ledge (PL) is a vital structure that supports the implant posteriorly during orbital floor reconstruction. This study describes a technique for mapping the PL in relation to the infraorbital margin (IM) in patients with orbital floor blowout fractures. This study establishes the location of the optic foramen in relation to the PL. Methods Facial computed tomography (FCT) scans of 67 consecutive patients with isolated orbital floor blowout fractures were analyzed using Osirix. Planes of reference for orbital fractures, a standardized technique for performing measurements on FCT, was used. Viewed coronally, the orbit was divided into seven equal sagittal slices (L1 laterally to L7 medially) with reference to the midorbital plane. The distances of PL from IM and location of optic foramen were determined. Results The greatest distance to PL is found at L5 (median: 30.1 mm, range: 13.5-37.1 mm). The median and ranges for each slice are as follows: L1 (median: 0.0 mm, range: 0.0-19.9 mm), L2 (median: 0.0 mm, range: 0.0-21.5 mm), L3 (median: 15.8 mm, range: 0.0-31.7 mm), L4 (median: 26.1 mm, range: 0.0-34.0 mm), L5 (median: 30.1 mm, range: 13.5-37.1 mm), L6 (median: 29.0 mm, range: 0.0-36.3 mm), L7 (median: 20.8 mm, range: 0.0-39.2 mm). The median distance of the optic foramen from IM is 43.7 mm (range: 37.0- 49.1) at L7.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.584-593
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• 2021

2020 한국인 영양소 섭취기준에서 탄수화물은 만성질환 예방을 위한 섭취기준으로 총 에너지 섭취량에 대한 탄수화물로부터의 에너지 섭취비율인 에너지적정비율을 1세 이후 모든 연령에서 55-65%로설정하였다. 그리고 2020년에 처음으로 탄수화물의 평균필요량과 권장섭취량을 설정하였다. 인체의 탄수화물 필요량은 뇌에서 하루에 소비되는 포도당량과 케톤체 생성이 나타나지 않는 양을 기준으로 1세 이후 모든 연령에서 1일 100 g을 설정하고, 권장섭취량은 15% 변이계수를 사용하여 두 배의 변이계수를 더한 130 g/일로 설정하였다. 탄수화물의 평균필요량은 최소필요량의 개념이지 에너지원으로서 적절한 섭취량에 대한 개념은 아니므로 탄수화물의 영양소섭취상태를 평가할 경우에는 평균필요량이나 권장섭취량에 비교하는 것은 적절하지 않고, 에너지적정비율을 활용하여 탄수화물로부터의 에너지 섭취비율의 적절성을 평가하는 것이 적절하다. 탄수화물은 에너지 적정비율범위에서 섭취할 때 만성질환의 위험을 낮출 수 있으며, 이를 탄수화물의 양뿐만 아니라 급원도 고려하는 식생활에 활용해야 할 것이다.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.207-216
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• 2015

SBAS 기준국의 배치는 시스템 성능에 영향을 미치는 가장 중요한 요소 중 하나이므로 기준국 배치가 주어진 성능 요구사항을 만족시킬 수 있는지 시스템 개발 초기에 신중하게 분석하여야 한다. 특히 한국형 SBAS로 개발이 진행 중인 KASS의 기준국은 대한민국 내에 설치될 예정이므로 기준국의 개수와 영역이 제한될 수밖에 없으며 이는 넓게 기준국을 배치할 수 있는 타 SBAS 시스템과 구별이 되는 부분이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 한계로 인한 GPS 및 GEO에 대한 UDRE와 ${\delta}UDRE$ 성능 영향을 시뮬레이션을 통하여 분석하였으며 그 결과 UDRE 성능은 기준국이 얼마나 넓게 분포하는지에 크게 영향을 받으며 특히 GEO UDRE에 미치는 영향이 매우 심각한 것을 확인하였다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 기준국 배치 영향으로 인한 시스템 성능 위험을 최소화하기 위한 KASS설계 및 개발 고려 사항을 제시한다.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 단일 폴리 공정을 기반으로 하여 8b 해상도로 200MHz의 고속 동작을 하기 위해 최적화된 시간 공유 서브레인징 ADC(Analog-to-Digital Converter)를 제안한다. 제안하는 ADC는 높은 정확도를 요구하는 하위 ADC에 이중 채널 구조를 적용하여 높은 샘플링 주파수를 보장하였고, 새로운 기준 전압 인가 방식을 적용하여 기준 전압의 빠른 정착 시간을 얻으면서 동시에 칩 면적을 크게 감소시켰다. 기준 전압을 생성하는 저항열에서는 선형성 및 속도 향상을 위해 기존의 인터메쉬드 구조를 보완한 새로운 저항열을 사용하였다. 8 비트 수준의 정밀도에서 면적 및 전력 소모를 최소화하기 위해 공통 드레인(common- drain) 증폭기 구조를 사용하여 샘플-앤-홀드 증폭기(Sample-and-Hold Amplifier：SHA)를 설계하였으며, 입력단에 스위치와 캐패시터로 구성된 동적 공통 모드 궤환 회로(Dynamic Common Mode Feedback Circuit)를 사용하여 SHA의 동적 동작 범위(dynamic range)를 증가시켰다. 동시에 상위 ADC와 하위 ADC간의 신호 처리를 단순화시키기 위해 상위 ADC에 새로운 인코딩 회로를 제안하였다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.135-139
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• 2002

Purpose: To determine the proper reference step wedge for digital Cu-Equivalent Image analyzing systems for measurement of bone density. Meterials and Methods : Radiograms of lumbar vertebrae phantom (1g/㎠) with 3 test copper step wedges of 0.03, 0.05 and, 0.1 mm thickness unit were taken and analyzed using NIH image software on a Macintosh personal computer. Measured densities of the lumbar areas in the Cu-Equivalent images made by utilizing 3 different copper stepwedges were compared with a known bone density. Results: The values of r2 for all copper equivalent images were over 0.99. The mean Cu-Eq value of lumbar in copper equivalent image made by a 0.1 mm copper stepwedge was 0.22 ± 0.06 mm and converted to hydroxyapatite density of 1.03 g/㎠. The stepwedges of 0.03 and 0.05 mm produced results having higher values than the actual known bone density. They did not show the blue and green color level that appeared in lumbar on color enhanced image. Conclusion : A copper stepwedge of adequate thickness and range of steps which can express the range of density of bone being measured should be used.

• 전기의세계
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.22-30
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• 1969

The development of the frequency convertors using semiconductors devices makes it possible to control the speed of A.C. motors easily. It is now economically feasible to provide them with power at adjustble frequency using silicon-controlled rectifier (or thyristor) inverters. In such a case, in order to operate an induction motor efficiently over a wide speed range, it must be supplied from a variable frecuency source of which frequency is adjustable over the speep range of the motor. It is desired to observe the changes in characteristics as primary current, torque-speed of induction moter etc. at any optional frequncy. Although the charactheristies can be obtained by means of the conventional methods they require very complicated precedures of calcuations. The Current Diagram Method in this paper suggests a new approach to simpler calcuations of the characteristics, using the motor constants at reference frequency. The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows: (1) The equations of stator current at adjusted frequency were derived to construct graphical chart and the current circle required for the Current Diagrm Method. (2) The radius, center of the current circle and the vector locus, the basis for calculating the characteristics, at any desired frequency could be easily determined with the aid of both the derived graphical chart and current circle at reference frequency. (3) The method was shown to be applicable to the various types of 3-phase induction motors and also dealt with its application to the split-phase, condenser motors.