• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2001

This study conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Korean medical herb residue on egg quality and serum cholesterol of laying hens under heat stress. One hundred forty four, 41 weeks old ISA brown commercial layer, were used in a 28 d growth assay with a 7d adjustment period. Dietary treatments Included 1) Control (basal diet), 2) KMHR1.0 (basal diet+1.0% korean medical herb residue), 2) KMHR2.0 (basal diet+2.0% Korean medical herb residue). For overall Period, laying hens fed KMHR1.0 diet were higher hen-day egg production than laying hens fed Control and KMHR2.0 diets with significant difference (quadratic effect, p<0.01). Egg weight, egg shell breaking strength and egg shell thickness were not influenced by Korean medical herb residue supplementation (P>0.05). As adding level of Korean medical herb residue increased in the diets, yolk color tended to increase, however, the differences failed to reach significance (P>0.05). Also, egg yolk index was not influenced by korean medical herb residue supplementation (P>0.05). Total-, HDL- LDL+VLDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in serum tended to increase as the concentration of Korean medical herb residue in the diets was increased without significant difference (P>0.05). In conclusion, supplementing 1.0% Korean medical herb residue to a corn SBM meal diet for laying hens increased hen-day egg production.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.254-259
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemented diets with Malty Culture(MC) during lactation on sow and litter performance. Eighteen lactating sows were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments(basal diet, basal diet+MC0.5%, basal+MCl.0%). Average daily feed intake of sow was not affected by dietary treatments with treatment means ranging from 4.49 to 4.58kg(p>0.62). All sows lost their backfat thickness during lactation with no difference among the treatments(p>0.25). Fecal moisture was similar for sows fed the control and MC treatments with 70% moisture content. The growth rate of piglets was not significant difference among the treatments ranging from 47 to 48kg. Day to estrus postweaning was not affected by supplementation of MC with treatment means ranging from 5 to 7 days. There was not significant difference in the milk production(i.e, 8.9kg/d for control, 9.18kg/d for MC0.5 and 9.20kg/d for MC1.0). Survivability of piglet was affected by feeding added MC during lactation. There was no significant difference in the digestibility of DM, but the digestibility of N tended to increase in sows fed the MC0.5 and MC1.0 supplemented diets compared to the basal diet(linear effect, p<0.10; quadratic effect. p<0.08). Digestibility of P tended to increase by the treatment of supplemented MC. However, there was no significant difference among the treatments. In conclusion, the results of experiment suggest that lactation diet of supplemented MC could be a beneficial feeding for digestibility in sow and litter performance.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1263-1273
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of crude protein (CP) levels on the physiological response, reproductive performance, blood profiles, milk composition and odor emission in gestating sows. Methods: Seventy-two multiparous sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) of average body weight (BW), backfat thickness, and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 10 or 11 sows per treatment in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets with different CP levels were as follows: i) CP11, corn-soybean-based diet containing 11% CP; ii) CP12, corn-soybean-based diet containing 12% CP; iii) CP13, corn-soybean-based diet containing 13% CP; iv) CP14, corn-soybean-based diet containing 14% CP; v) CP15, corn-soybean-based diet containing 15% CP; and vi) CP16: corn-soybean-based diet containing 16% CP. Results: There was no significant difference in the performance of sow or piglet growth when sows were fed different dietary protein levels. Milk fat (linear, p = 0.05) and total solids (linear, p = 0.04) decreased as dietary CP levels increased. Increasing dietary CP levels in the gestation diet caused a significant increase in creatinine at days 35 and 110 of gestation (linear, p = 0.01; linear, p = 0.01). The total protein in sows also increased as dietary CP levels increased during the gestation period and 24 hours postpartum (linear, p = 0.01; linear, p = 0.01). During the whole experimental period, an increase in urea in sows was observed when sows were fed increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p = 0.01), and increasing blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were observed as well. In the blood parameters of piglets, there were linear improvements in creatinine (linear, p = 0.01), total protein (linear, p = 0.01), urea (linear, p = 0.01), and BUN (linear, p = 0.01) with increasing levels of dietary CP as measured 24 hours postpartum. At two measurement points (days 35 and 110) of gestation, the odor gas concentration, including amine, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide, increased linearly when sows fed diets with increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p = 0.01). Moreover, as dietary CP levels increased to 16%, the odor gas concentration was increased with a quadratic response (quadratic, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Reducing dietary CP levels from 16% to 11% in a gestating diet did not exert detrimental effects on sow body condition or piglet performance. Moreover, a low protein diet (11% CP) may improve dietary protein utilization and metabolism to reduce odor gas emissions in manure and urine in gestating sows.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2008

Objective of this research was to investigate the effect of calcium concentrations in the fertilizer solution on growth and development of Ca deficiency in 'Maehyang' strawberry (Fragaria $\times$ ananassa Duch.). The margins of the youngest leaves were scorched and they developed a cupped shape as they were expanded in Ca deficient plants. The vein area of the youngest leaves became brown when the deficiency became severe. The quadratic responses were observed in dry weight production to elevated Ca concentrations in fertilizer solutions with the highest growth in 4.5 mM treatment. The regression equation was y=2.4026+1.0209x-$0.098x^2$ $(R^2=0.3546^{***})$. However, tissue Ca contents increased lineally as the Ca concentrations in fertilizer solutions were elevated (y=1.2108+0.1333x, $R^2=0.9189^{***}$). In changes of the fresh weight and Ca concentrations in petiole sap, fresh weight production showed quadratic responses to elevated Ca concentrations in fertilizer solution, but Ca concentration increased lineally. The equations in changes of fresh weight and Ca concentrations were y=9.273+4.882x-$0.4245x^2$ $(R^2=0.4935^{***})$ and y=52.311+3.2917x $(R^2=0.6918^{***})$, respectively. When the concentration of calcium at which plant growth was retarded by 10% is regarded as critical concentration level, the calcium contents based on dry weight of above ground plant tissue and in petiole sap should be in the range between 1.6 to 2.25% and 63 to $79mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.501-512
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• 2005

In Exp. 1, a total of forty eight multiparous sows were used in a 21-d performance assay. All litters were standardized at eleven piglets within 24h of parturition. Sows were fed one of the four experimental diets 1) CON(basal diet; Control), 2) MP1(basal diet added 0.05% of medicinal plant mixtures), 3) MP2 (basal diet added 0.1% of medicinal plant mixtures) and 4) MP3(basal diet added 0.2% of medicinal plant mixtures). Backfat thickness difference from farrowing to weaning was tended to increase in CON treatment compared to those of medicinal plants mixture(MP) treatments. However, there were not significant differences among the treatments(P>0.05). Sow’s ADFI was increased in sows fed MP2 treatment compared to MP3 treatment(P<0.05). Piglet weight gain was tended to increase in MP1 treatment compared to CON treatment(P<0.05). The glucose concentration of MP3 treatment was higher that of CON treatment(P<0.05). Exp. 2, a total of one hundred twenty weaning pigs ($L{\time}Y{\time}D$, 4.70$\pm$0.63kg average initial body weight) were used in a 20-d performance assay. Weanling pigs were fed treatments diets included 1) CON(basal diet; Control), 2) MP0.05(basal diet added 0.05% of medicinal plant mixtures), 3) MP0.1(basal diet added 0.1% of medicinal plant mixtures) and 4) MP0.15(basal diet added 0.15% of medicinal plant mixtures). Through entire experimental period, as MP increased in the diets, there was an increase in ADG(linear, P<0.067), improvement gain/feed(linear, P<0.018) and a decrease in ADFI (linear, P<0.008). DM digestibility was significantly increased with addition of MP(linear, P<0.004; quadratic, P<0.030). In conclusion, sows fed MP2 had showed less body weight loss and increased weight gain for suckling piglet. In weaning pigs, as supplementation MP from 0.05 to 0.1% in diet had improved growth performance and DM digestibility.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2009

There are barley, wheat, oat, rye and triticale winter cereal crops for whole crop silage. These small grains have been suitable to use for round-baled silage making as livestock feed. Studies were carried out to understand the growth and productivity of five winter cereals grown at paddy field in middle region of South Korea. The ratio of culm weight per plant were described by quadratic function for 5 winter cereals crops. The peak of culm ratio were 1 May in barley variety 'Youngyang', 5 May in wheat variety Keumkang', 10 May in rye 'Gogu'(Rye), 11 May in triticale variety 'Shinyoung' and 13 June in oat variety 'Samhan', respectively. The ratio of leaf per plant were linearly decreased by growing. In barley and oat, the ratio of spike weight per plant were linearly increased after heading, but in wheat and triticale, it were not accumulated at one time after heading and rapidly increased after fertilization. The ratio of spike weight per plant in barley was outstandingly higher than that of wheat, triticale, rye and oat, respectively. So, barley variety 'Youngyang' recommended for whole crop forage use was suitable for forage use because of high at ratio of the leaf and spike. The proper cutting date by the percentage of dry matter for baled-silage making, 30$[\sim}$40%, were 25 May in barley variety 'Youngyang', 25 May to 5 June in wheat variety 'Keumkang' and triticale variety 'Shinyoung', 15 May in rye 'Gogu' and 5 June in oat variety 'Samhan', respectively. The total aerial fresh weight accumulation at different cutting dates were described by quadratic function for barley, wheat and triticale. The forage fresh yield were peaked at 7 May in barley, 14 May in wheat, 17 May in triticale and late of May in oat, respectively. The dry matter yields of four small cereals were linearly increased after over-wintering. The yield at the date of proper harvesting time by water content for baled silage making were sequently high oat, barley, wheat, triticale and rye. The relative growth rate was relatively high in rye at early cutting but high in oat at late cutting. In barley, wheat and triticale, the rate were similar.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.366-376
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• 2023

This study was conducted to develop a model for predicting the growth of kimchi cabbage using image data and environmental data. Kimchi cabbages of the 'Cheongmyeong Gaual' variety were planted three times on July 11th, July 19th, and July 27th at a test field located at Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do (37°37' N 128°32' E, 510 elevation), and data on growth, images, and environmental conditions were collected until September 12th. To select key factors for the kimchi cabbage growth prediction model, a correlation analysis was conducted using the collected growth data and meteorological data. The correlation coefficient between fresh weight and growth degree days (GDD) and between fresh weight and integrated solar radiation showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.88. Additionally, fresh weight had significant correlations with height and leaf area of kimchi cabbages, with correlation coefficients of 0.78 and 0.79, respectively. Canopy coverage was selected from the image data and GDD was selected from the environmental data based on references from previous researches. A prediction model for kimchi cabbage of biomass, leaf count, and leaf area was developed by combining GDD, canopy coverage and growth data. Single-factor models, including quadratic, sigmoid, and logistic models, were created and the sigmoid prediction model showed the best explanatory power according to the evaluation results. Developing a multi-factor growth prediction model by combining GDD and canopy coverage resulted in improved determination coefficients of 0.9, 0.95, and 0.89 for biomass, leaf count, and leaf area, respectively, compared to single-factor prediction models. To validate the developed model, validation was conducted and the determination coefficient between measured and predicted fresh weight was 0.91, with an RMSE of 134.2 g, indicating high prediction accuracy. In the past, kimchi cabbage growth prediction was often based on meteorological or image data, which resulted in low predictive accuracy due to the inability to reflect on-site conditions or the heading up of kimchi cabbage. Combining these two prediction methods is expected to enhance the accuracy of crop yield predictions by compensating for the weaknesses of each observation method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1470-1476
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• 2016

Octacosanol, which has prominent physiological activities and functions, has been recognized as a potential growth promoter in animals. A total of 392 1-d-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks with similar body weight were randomly distributed into four dietary groups of seven replicates with 14 birds each supplemented with 0, 12, 24, or 36 mg octacosanol (extracted from rice bran, purity >92%)/kg feed. The feeding trial lasted for six weeks and was divided into the starter (day 1 to 21) and the grower (day 22 to 42) phases. The results showed that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly improved in broilers fed a diet containing 24 mg/kg octacosanol compared with those fed the control diet in the overall phase (day 1 to 42, p = 0.042). The average daily gain and FCR both showed linear effects in response to dietary supplementation of octacosanol during the overall phase (p = 0.031 and 0.018, respectively). Broilers fed with 24 or 36 mg/kg octacosanol diet showed a higher eviscerated yield, which increased by 5.88% and 4.26% respectively, than those fed the control diet (p = 0.030). The breast muscle yield of broilers fed with 24 mg/kg octacosanol diet increased significantly by 12.15% compared with those fed the control diet (p = 0.047). Eviscerated and breast muscle yield increased linearly with the increase in dietary octacosanol supplementation (p = 0.013 and 0.021, respectively). Broilers fed with 24 or 36 mg/kg octacosanol diet had a greater (p = 0.021) $pH_{45min}$ value in the breast muscle, which was maintained linearly in response to dietary octacosanol supplementation (p = 0.003). There was a significant decrease (p = 0.007) in drip loss value between the octacosanol-added and the control groups. The drip loss showed linear (p = 0.004) and quadratic (p = 0.041) responses with dietary supplementation of octacosanol. These studies indicate that octacosanol is a potentially effective and safe feed additive which may improve feed efficiency and meat quality, and increase eviscerated and breast muscle yield, in broiler chicks. Dietary supplementation of octacosanol at 24 mg/kg diet is regarded as the recommended dosage in the broilers' diet.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.218-228
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• 1999

This study was conducted to obtain the information on dry matter productivity in Angelica gigas Nakai for establishing the cultivation method. Cultivation methods such as direct seeding on Mar. 31, Apr. 15 and Apr. 30, and transplanting of $8^{\frac{1}{2}}$, 9, 12 months old seedling were investigated. There were similar tendencies in changes of agronomic characters for all cultivation methods. Dry weight started to increase from 120 DAS. Direct seedling showed vigorous growth for aerial part, whereas transplanting showed better underground part. The quadratic polynomial was suitable to dry weight of root after 120 DAS (or DAT) .Short growing time had higher RGR and NAR independent of cultivation method but Direct seeding on Mar. 31 and transplanting of 9 months old seedling had the highest CGRs. LAI was positively correlated with CGR, and CGR had the highest value as $6.74\g/m^2/day$ when LAI was 1.97. RGR and NAR increased as mean temperature was increased and showed the highest value around . The highest net production of leaf and petiole was obtained at 20 and$23^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1982-1992
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• 2019

The alkaliphilic, calcium carbonate precipitating Bacillus sp. strain AK13 can be utilized in concrete for self-repairing. A statistical experimental design was used to develop an economical medium for its mass cultivation and sporulation. Two types of screening experiment were first conducted to identify substrates that promote the growth of the AK13 strain: the first followed a one-factor-at-a-time factorial design and the second a two-level full factorial design. Based on these screening experiments, barley malt powder and mixed grain powder were identified as the substrates that most effectively promoted the growth of the AK13 strain from a range of 21 agricultural products and by-products. A quadratic statistical model was then constructed using a central composite design and the concentration of the two substrates was optimized. The estimated growth and sporulation of Bacillus sp. strain AK13 in the proposed medium were 3.08 ± 0.38 × 10⁸ and 1.25 ± 0.12 × 10⁸ CFU/ml, respectively, which meant that the proposed low-cost medium was approximately 45 times more effective than the commercial medium in terms of the number of cultivatable bacteria per unit price. The spores were then powdered via a spray-drying process to produce a spore powder with a spore count of 2.0 ± 0.7 × 10⁹ CFU/g. The AK13 spore powder was mixed with cement paste, yeast extract, calcium lactate, and water. The yeast extract and calcium lactate generated the highest CFU/ml for AK13 at a 0.4:0.4 ratio compared to 0.4:0.25 (the original ratio of the B4 medium) and 0.4:0.8. Twenty-eight days after the spores were mixed into the mortar, the number of vegetative cells and spores of the AK13 strain had reached 10⁶ CFU/g within the mortar. Cracks in the mortar under 0.29 mm were healed in 14 days. Calcium carbonate precipitation was observed on the crack surface. The mortar containing the spore powder was thus concluded to be effective in terms of healing micro-cracks.