• 제목/요약/키워드: production environment

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Decomposition of CO2 Emissions in the Manufacturing Sector : An International Comparative Study for Korea, UK, and USA (제조업 부문의 이산화탄소 배출 요인분해: 한국·영국·미국의 국제비교 연구)

  • Han, Taek Whan;Shin, Wonzoe
    • Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.723-738
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    • 2007
  • This paper draws some implications from Logarithmic Mean Weight Divisia Method (LMWDM) on the sources of $CO_2$ emission changes in the manufacturing sectors of Korea, UK, and USA. The sources of change in industrial $CO_2$ emission of a country, as manifested by production scale factor, structural factor, and technical factor, summarizes the forces behind the change in $CO_2$ emissions in each country's manufacturing sector. There are three observations. First one is that Korea's emission is increasing while USA and UK are experiencing reduction or stabilization of $CO_2$ emission in the manufacturing sector. Second implication is that the technical factor affecting $CO_2$ emission in Korea does not help much, or even hinder, the reduction of $CO_2$ emissions, comparing to USA and UK. Third one, which is the combined result of the first and the second one, is that Korea's increasing trend in aggregate $CO_2$ emission throughout the periods in consideration is mainly due to the failure in technical progress, or the deterioration in the structure of within subcategories, or both. The policy implications is clear. The obvious prescription is to launch a nation-wide policy drive which can revert these adverse trends.

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The Distributional Characteristics of Organic Farming in South Korea (한국의 유기농산물 생산의 지역적 분포 특성)

  • Chung, Hee-Sun
    • Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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    • 제9권3호
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    • pp.329-348
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    • 2003
  • This paper has examined the origin of organic fanning, its development stages, its certification program, and its distributional characteristics in South Korea. Organic agriculture in South Korea originated in the late 1970s as several organic farmers' associations started to be formed. However, the certification of organic farm products, based upon the Codex guideline on organic produce as well as the FAO/WHO find standards, was not institutionalized with the year 2001. A majority of organic products are currently certified as farm products grown with low chemical input. Vegetables grown without any chemical input occupy the largest proportion of the certified produce, while fruits take the smallest. The average size of farms practicing organic agriculture is 0.88 hectare, smaller than the scale of conventional farms being 1.39 hectare. These organic farms are concentrated in Gyeonggi, Chungcheongbuk, and Jeju Province, where organic farmers' associations were first founded. The roles of those associations not only in developing and extending organic farming techniques but also in promoting organic agriculture to consumers were most critical in the regional development of organic farming. It would be desirable for local governments to promote organic farming in tandem with a whole environmental movement.

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Analysis on the Content Validity of the Korean Geography Subject College Scholastic Ability Test on the National Curriculum Achievement Standards (한국지리 대학수학능력시험의 교육과정 성취기준에 대한 내용타당도 분석)

  • Kim, Sihwa;Kang, Chang-Sook
    • Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.195-212
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    • 2017
  • This study analyzed on the content validity of the Korean geography subject evaluation questions on the College Scholastic Ability Test(CSAT) from 2014 to 2016 regarding the national curriculum achievement standards. The main results are as follows. First, from 'the knowledge dimension' aspect, both the achievement standard and the CSAT questions showed the highest ratio of 'factual knowledge'. Second, from 'the cognitive process dimension' aspect, the percentage of 'understand' was the highest in the achievement standard, whereas in the CSAT questions, the ratio of 'analyze' and complex type of 'analyze' and 'understand' was the highest. Third, in the result of the analysis of the content validity of the Korean geography CSAT questions through proportion test, all of the analysis targets showed 'a little low'. Finally, the content validity analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the main types of the achievement standards and the CSAT questions in the 'Geomorphological Environment and Ecosystem part' and 'Space of Production and Consumption part' from the cognitive process aspect, which showed relatively low content validity compared to other areas. The results of this study suggest that the achievement standards should be reflected on the Korean geography CSAT questions and it should not be focused on evaluating the learner's analysing ability.

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Re-evaluation of Genetic Environments of Zinc-lead Deposits to Predict Hidden Skarn Orebody (스카른 잠두 광체 예측을 위한 아연-연 광상 성인의 재검토)

  • Choi, Seon-Gyu;Choi, Bu-Kap;Ahn, Yong-Hwan;Kim, Tae-Hyeong
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • 제42권4호
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    • pp.301-314
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    • 2009
  • The Taebaeksan mineralized province, which is the most important one in South Korea, is rich in zinc-lead-tungsten-iron-copper-molybdenum-silver-gold mineral resources and has a diversity of deposit styles. These deposits principally coexist in time and space with porphyry-related epigenetic deposit such as skarn, hydrothermal replacement, mesothermal vein, and Carlin-like deposits. The magmatic-hydrothermal systems in the Taebaek fold belt is genetically characterized by the Bulguksa subvolcanic rocks(ca. $110{\sim}50\;Ma$) related to northwestward subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate. The most important zinc-lead deposits in the area are the Uljin, Yeonhwa II and Shinyemi skarn, the Janggun hydrothermal replacement, and the Yeonhwa I intermediate-mixed (skarn/hydrothermal replacement) ones. In the present study, we present a compilation of metal production and mineral assemblage of the zinc-lead deposits. The metal difference of deposit styles in the area indicates a cooling path from intermediate-sulfidation to low-sulfidation state in the polymetallic hydrothermal system, reflecting spatial proximity to a magmatic source.

Consequences of Water Induced Disasters to Livelihood Activities in Nepal

  • Gurung, Anup;Karki, Arpana;Karki, Rahul;Bista, Rajesh;Oh, Sang-Eun
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.129-136
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    • 2012
  • BACKGROUND: The changes in the climatic conditions have brought potentially significant new challenges, most critical are likely to be its impact on local livelihoods, agriculture, biodiversity and environments. Water induced disasters such as landslides, floods, erratic rain etc., are very common in developing countries which lead to changes in biological, geophysical and socioeconomic elements. The extent of damages caused by natural disasters is more sever in least developing countries. However, disasters affect women and men differently. In most of the cases women have to carry more burden as compared to their male counterpart during the period of disasters. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study examines the impact of disasters on the local livelihood especially agriculture and income generating activities of women in three districts of Nepal. The study uses the primary data collected following an exploratory approach, based on an intensive field study. The general findings of the study revealed that women had to experience hard time as compared to their male counterpart both during and after the disaster happen. Women are responsible for caring their children, collecting firewood, fetching water, collecting grass for livestock and performing household chores. Whereas, men are mainly involved in out-migration and remained out-side home most of the time. After the disaster occurred, most of the women had to struggle to support their lives as well as had to work longer hours than men during reconstruction period. Nepal follows patriarchal system and men can afford more leisure time as compared to women. During the disaster period, some of the households lost their agricultural lands, livestock and other properties. These losses created some additional workload to women respondent, however at the same time; they learn to build confidence, self-respect, self-esteem, and self-dependency.Although Nepal is predominantly agriculture, majority of the farmers are at subsistence level. In addition, men and women have different roles which differ with the variation in agro-production systems. Moreover women are extensively involved in agricultural activities though their importances were not recognized. Denial of land ownership and denial of access to resources as well as migration of male counterparts are some of the major reasons for affecting the agricultural environments for women in Nepal. CONCLUSION: The shelter reconstruction program has definitely brought positive change in women's access to decision making. The gradual increase in number of women respondent in access to decision making in different areas is a positive change and this has also provided them with a unique opportunity to change their gendered status in society.Furthermore, the exodus out-flow of male counterparts accelerated the additional burden and workload on women.

From Mine Tailings to Electricity using Ecological Function: Evaluation of Increase in Current Density by Increasing the Oxidation Rate of Pyrite using Iron Oxidizing Bacteria (생태학적 기능을 이용한 광미 활용 전기 생산: 철산화박테리아를 이용한 황철석 산화 속도 증진을 통한 전류 밀도 향상 가능성 평가)

  • Ju, Won Jung;Jho, Eun Hea;Nam, Kyoungphile
    • Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.19-24
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    • 2014
  • The research evaluates the possibility of generating electricity using pyrite containing mine tailings, which are the major cause of acid mine drainage (AMD), by applying iron oxidizing bacteria (in this case, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) and chemical fuel cell technology. The changes in the aqueous $Fe^{2+}$ concentration, which can represent an ionized form of pyrite, with an initial concentration of 9,000 mg/L were investigated during the 20 d growth period. Both the $Fe^{2+}$ and total iron (i.e., total $Fe^{2+}$)concentrations with or without A. ferrooxidans were observed. The $Fe^{2+}$ concentration decreased to about 6,000 mg/L, in the abiotic condition, while it decreased to about 400 mg/L in the biotic condition. The results showed that the increased $Fe^{2+}$ oxidation in the presence of A. ferrooxidans (i.e., catalytic ability of A. ferrooxidans) can be applied to electricity generation using pyrite containing mine tailings. In the co-presence of A. ferrooxidans and pyrite containing mine tailings, $Fe^{2+}$ oxidation and hence electron production increases, which, in turn, improves current density. This study can be applied to utilize ecological functions of indigenous bacteria in mine areas to enhance electricity generation efficiency.

Hazard assessment for the fishermen's safety in offshore large powered purse seiner using insurance proceeds payment of NFFC in 2013 (2013년 수협 재해 보험급여를 이용한 근해대형선망 어선원의 안전 위험 요소 평가)

  • Lee, Yoo-Won;Cho, Young-Bok;Kim, Sung-Ki;Kim, Seok-Jae;Park, Tae-Geun;Ryu, Kyong-Jin;Kim, Wook-Sung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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    • 제51권2호
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    • pp.188-194
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    • 2015
  • The powered purse seine fishery is an important fishery accounting for 19.4% of adjacent water fishery production in Korea, and the commercial fishing is associated with high rate of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury. The hazard analysis for the fishermen's safety of offshore large powered purse seiner was conducted to serve as a basic data for improving the healthy and safe working environment of fishermen using fishermen's occupational accidents of the national federation of fisheries cooperatives (NFFC) in 2013 (n=583). As a result, the occupational accident occurrence rate of this fishery was 182.6‰ in all industries 30.9 times the rate of that. In addition, death and missing rate was found to have a very serious level management to 25.1‰ in all industries of death of 17.5 times. The accident occurred in 72.3 to 85.8% was happened at sea. The others, slipping and struck by object etc occurred more frequently in order in the frequency of accident occurrence pattern. However, the occurrence rate of death and missing did not match the frequency of accident pattern. In other words, slipping occurred frequently higher while death and missing risk was not high. And the contact with fishing gear and fall in the waters was low while death and missing risk was high. The results are expected to contribute for identification and assessment of safety hazard occurred in offshore large powered purse seiners.

Seasonal Variation of Primary Productivity and Pigment of Phytoplankton Community Structure in the Seomjin Estuary (섬진강 하구역의 계절별 일차생산력 및 식물플랑크톤 색소 조성 변화)

  • Min, Jun-Oh;Ha, Sun-Yong;Chung, Mi-Hee;Choi, Bo-Hyung;Lee, Yeon-Jung;Youn, Seok-Hyun;Yoon, Won-Duk;Lee, Jae-Seong;Shin, Kyung-Hoon
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • 제45권2호
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    • pp.139-149
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    • 2012
  • Four in situ incubation experiments were conducted in May, August and November 2009, as well as February 2010 to determine the seasonal primary productivity and the community structure of phytoplankton at the Seomjin estuary. The primary production of phytoplankton ranged from 9 to 3560 mgC $m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Primary productivity was the highest in the summer season (August), which was influenced by improved optical and temperature conditions of the water, as well as the supply of nutrients derived from its surrounding watershed. Particularly, the upper station (SJ-1, SJ-2) of Seom-jin estuary showed a higher productivity, as a result of inflow of input nutrients originated from the terrestrial source. The fucoxanthin, as an index pigment of diatoms showed the highest concentration (0.74~9.51 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) at all stations, occupying 30~80% to total Chl a concentrations. The phytoplankton species composition determination, using a microscope showed similar results to the pigment analysis, which indicated diatom Skeletonema costatum, as the dominant species. The primary productivity in Seom-jin estuary indicates temporally and spatially large variation, according to different environmental conditions. Also, Skeletonema costatum has euryhaline features with relatively higher contribution.

Waterquality Characteristics and Ecosystem Health Assessments Using a LEHA Fish Model in Shingu Reservoir (신구저수지의 수질특성 및 LEHA 어류모델을 이용한 생태건강도 평가)

  • Lee, Jae-Yon;Lee, Sang-Jae;Han, Jung-Ho;Lee, Eui-Hang;Choi, Ji-Woong;Hwang, Soon-Jin;An, Kwang-Guk
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • 제41권spc호
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    • pp.42-49
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    • 2008
  • For this study, we collected fishes of four times at the four site during June 2006 ${\sim}$ September 2007. In the result, the tolerance and omnivore species like a Carassius auratus and Pseudorasbora parva were largely dominated over all, and the sensitive species was not appeared at all except S4 in Shingu reservoir. This reservoir was appeared the simplified of trophic guild was shown in Shingu reservoir. Demonstrating that the omnivore species was occupied 78% of whole. According to the water chemistry data set obtained from the Korea Rural community & Agriculture corporation during $2002{\sim}2005$, the Shingu reservoir showed severe eutrophication and water pollution, therefore the increase of primary production and frequent algal blooms had been occurred. On the other hand, ecosystem health of reservoir was appeared "Fair${\sim}$Poor", and we judged that eutrophication and water pollution were due to this. Consequently, we thought that interception of nutrients and organic matters from the farmland and village and management of reservoir would be need, after this.

The Characteristic and Origin of Organic Matter in the ODP Leg 204 Site 1249C and Site 1251B (ODP Leg 204 Site 1249C와 Site 1251B 퇴적물의 유기물 기원 및 지화학적 특성)

  • Shim, Eun-Hyoung;Yun, Hye-Su;Lee, Young-Joo;Han, Sang-Young
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • 제47권1호
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    • pp.71-85
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    • 2014
  • To study biogeochemical characteristics and origin organic matter, sediment samples were taken from Site of 1249C and Stie 1251B of ODP Leg 204. Data of Rock-Eval, isotope, and element analysis generally indicate dominance of marine organic matter in sediments deposited under marine sedimentary environment. Only Rock-Eval data are somewhat different from those of others owing to under-maturation of organic matter. Samples of Site 1249C show high content of gas hydrate, whereas Site 1251B low content of gas hydrate in some intervals of the core. This result may be accounted to different location of two cores and presence of transportation passage (Horizon A, BSR 2) of thermogenic gas in the core, 1249 C. However, Site 1251B Located in the basin of low accumulation of gas hydrate is presumed to be limited in the gas hydrate production. Because not only transportation passage is limited to move thermogenic gas from the core, but also gas supply was not enough. Therefore, the biogenic gas that resulted from diagenesis of there sediment is superior.