• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.1666-1671
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• 2010

The physicochemical characteristics and acceptability of various commercial low-priced French wines were determined. A~E wines were manufactured from France and F wine was bottled in Germany using French Cabernet Sauvignon grape species. Sample wines were analyzed for pH, total soluble content, acidity, color, total sugar, total polyphenol and sulfur dioxide. The pH of the wines were ranged from 3.3 to 2.6. The total soluble contents were the highest in wine A (10.25 Brix%), followed by wine C (9.72 Brix%), wine D (9.67 Brix%) and wine B (9.61 Brix%) and were the lowest in wines E and F (9.42 Brix%). In the color analysis, wine F showed the highest L (lightness) and a (redness) value (28.11 and 23.86, respectively). The b (yellowness) value for all the samples studied ranged from 52.17 to 61.05. Wine C (62.24 g/L) and F (69.91 g/L) showed higher total sugar contents, and the total sugar contents of wines D, E, B and A were 48.58, 42.74, 37.74 and 36.99 g/L, respectively. Total polyphenol contents were the highest in wine C (2.59 g/L) and the lowest in wines A and B (1.90 g/L). The contents of sulfite in wine D (68.78 mg/L) were the highest and was the lowest in wine B (58.18 mg/L). The sensory characteristics and preference analysis (sourness, bitterness, sweetness, astringent taste, aroma, color and overall acceptability) of the red wines used in this study were determined by 15 panelists using the 7-point hedonic scale. Sourness of wines ranged between 3.8~4.9 and sweetness of wines D and F (3.0) were the highest amongst the red wines used in this study. Wines D, E and F had the higher scores in overall acceptability of sensory properties and wine E was the highest amongst the wines used in this study.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.199-208
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• 2007

The olfactory function of subjects could be different due to various factors such as aging, and such discrepancies influence on the olfactory sensibility. Therefore, the objectives of this study was to investigate changes of olfactory sensibility characteristics and structure in relation to the consideration of olfactory threshold of subject. Stimulants of this study were five standard odor samples of T&T olfactometer, and thirty undergraduates over than 19 years old were tested twice during this study In experiment 1, subjects were given to odor samples which were controlled on the basis of individual olfactory threshold. Whereas, subjects were provided with uncontrolled odor samples which had the same concentration(+1) in experiment 2. Olfactory sensibility characteristics were significantly different with presentation types of odor samples, and these gaps were more higher on condition that the preference of odor sample was not distinct. Moreover, such differences affected the olfactory sensibility structure, and 'esthetic sense', 'intensity', and 'activity' were common factors, but 'friendship' of experiment 1 and 'weight' of experiment 2 were unique factors. In conclusion, the olfactory sensibility characteristics and structure could be different with consideration of olfactory threshold of subject. Overall, this study suggest that the olfactory function and the presentation method of odor sample be regarded as principal consideration factors in the olfactory sensibility evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.83-99
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• 2008

Images of Seong-Nam appears different according to diverse conditions. This study was intended to analyze the differences of cognition by personal characteristics such as age, gender, location, and period when an individual evaluates an urban image. This research focused on the interpretation of the visualized results from Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Individual Difference Scaling (INDSCAL) with two questionnaires. This study can be summarized as follows: 1. Namhan Sansung was ranked as the first symbolic property by citizens in Seong-Nam. Next was Yuldong Park, followed by Bundang Central Park, Seohyun Station including Samsung Plaza, and, finally, Moran Market. This trend also similarly appeared in the selection of preferred places. 2. There were no statistical differences in trends of choice of symbolic landmarks and preferred places according to age, gender, and period; however, there were meaningful differences according to location. 3. The total image of Seong-Nam was positioned to be separated from images of other districts and landmarks on the image spatial plot by MDS; however, images of the old and new district were plotted close to symbolic landmarks where located around each district. 4. INDSCAL illustrated that men weighted the historical meaning while women weighted preference and city size when evaluating an urban image. On the other hand, there was no difference in cognitive trends according to age, location, and period. Until now, an individual difference in the cognition and evaluation of an urban image was a socially accepted notion. However, this study verified the difference according to personal characteristics and developed a practical tool to analyze an individual cognition trend about a city image.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.165-186
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• 2007

With the advent of a wide variety of Internet shopping malls, consumers can choose a best appealing shopping mall from among the Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Player malls. Pure-Players launched their operation grandiosely with the early stage of Internet use in 1995. However, after the burst of Dot-com company bubbles in 1997, Pure-Players introduce various types of business models to meet potential needs of consumers. While Pure-Players suffer skeptical views from market analysts as well as consumers, traditional offline companies learned important lessons from Dot-com companies collapse phenomena, and expanded their business channels into online in the name of Bricks-and-Clicks. Nowadays, Bricks-and-Clicks successfully establish in the market as one of reliable business partners among consumers. Therefore, it is no surprise that recent competitions between Bricks-and Clicks and Pure-Players become fiercer than ever to attract potential customers to their websites. In this situation, consumers can choose a shopping mall to their best satisfaction. Consumers can enjoy both offline and online options for shopping because Bricks-and Clicks provide both offline and online channels to consumers, which is compared with Pure-Players offering only online channel. Offline channel is unique in providing consumers with chances to touch and feel target products and services. Meanwhile, online channel is considered very viable and convenient shopping options for consumers. In this respect, it is easily assumed that consumers will show different online shopping behavior when they have to choose either Bricks-and-Clicks mall or Pure-Player mall for the sake of shopping. Remaining research issue in this case is how much consumers' schema would influence online shopping behavior between Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. Basically, schema is a framework for synthetic information recognition that individual consumers have and is very characteristic in that it focuses not on fragmentary facts but on the combination of various causes affecting results. Consumers' schema is closely represented by trust, structural assurance, and perceived relative advantage towards a specific type of shopping mall. In literature, there exist a lot of studies comparing Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. However, there is no study to pursue the analysis of consumer behaviors comparing Bricks-and Clicks and Pure-Players from the schema perspective. Therefore, this study aims to investigate this research gap. Empirical analysis is adopted by garnering valid questionnaires from 514 Internet shopping mall users. 237 were mainly using Bricks-and-Clicks for shopping, while 277 were found to visit Pure-Players for shopping. PLS was applied to analyze the survey data to verify the proposed research hypotheses. Findings from the empirical test results are as follows. First, consumers perceive more trust and relative advantage in Pure-Players, comparing with Bricks-and-Clicks. This result is against widely-accepted perception that Bricks-and-Clicks would be perceived by consumers as more trustworthy and relatively advantageous because they have offline reputation and stores. Therefore, it becomes more obvious that Internet is becoming daily necessaries, and consumers increasingly feel very comfortable in using the Internet for their own personal purposes. Second, consumers have firm faith in transaction safety, regardless Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. This seems due to the fact that most of shopping malls showing dubious transaction safety have no place in the market. In a nutshell, empirical results tell us that Pure-Players will grow very much in the future, to the extent that consumers perceive no difference in comparison with Bricks-and-Clicks. Besides, consumers' schema accumulated through trust and perceived relative advantage plays crucial role in determining consumer behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.593-600
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• 1996

To investigate the dining habits in relation to Kimchi for the Koreans in Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS), a survey was conducted to 199 Koreans living in Moscow, Sahalin, Uzbekistan, and Kazakstan. Most of the respondents answered that thor keep the Korean food lifestyle, and especially the old age group and Koreans in Sahalin showed higher ratio for Korean food lifestyle. In the Kimchi preference and Kimchi consumption, 85.9% of the respondents like Kimchi because Kimchi is our traditional food and its taste is good, and 95% of them consumed Kimchi once or more everyday. In the kinds of Kimchi, 99% of the respondents had experiences in eating or seeing Chinese cabbage Kimchi, 91.5% cucumber Kimchi, 88.4% cabbage Kimchi, 82.4% white water Kimchi, 75.4% sikhae, respectively, while the frequencies of kakdugi, chonggak Kimchi, and leek Kimchi were relatively low. In connection with the utilization of Kimchi, many respondents answered that Kimchi is sometimes used in cooking of Kimchi cchigae or Kimchi bokkum. Most of Russians like Kimchi in spite of the hot taste and it shows the possibility that Kimchi can be spread throughout foreign countries.

• Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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• 2001.12a
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• pp.39-74
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• 2001

The endeavors enhancing the grain quality of high-yielding japonica rice were steadily continued during 1980s∼1990s along with the self-sufficiency of rice production and the increasing demands of high-quality rices. During this time, considerably great, progress and success was obtained in development of high-quality japonica cultivars and qualify evaluation techniques including the elucidation of interrelationship between the physicochemical properties of rice grain and the physical or palatability components of cooked rice. In 1990s, some high-quality japonica rice caltivars and special rices adaptable for food processing such as large kernel, chalky endosperm aromatic and colored rices were developed and its objective preference and utility was also examined by a palatability meter, rapid-visco analyzer and texture analyzer. The water uptake rate and the maximum water absorption ratio showed significantly negative correlations with the K/Mg ratio and alkali digestion value(ADV) of milled rice. The rice materials showing the higher amount of hot water absorption exhibited the larger volume expansion of cooked rice. The harder rices with lower moisture content revealed the higher rate of water uptake at twenty minutes after soaking and the higher ratio of maximum water uptake under the room temperature condition. These water uptake characteristics were not associated with the protein and amylose contents of milled rice and the palatability of cooked rice. The water/rice ratio (in w/w basis) for optimum cooking was averaged to 1.52 in dry milled rices (12% wet basis) with varietal range from 1.45 to 1.61 and the expansion ratio of milled rice after proper boiling was average to 2.63(in v/v basis). The major physicochemical components of rice grain associated with the palatability of cooked rice were examined using japonica rice materials showing narrow varietal variation in grain size and shape, alkali digestibility, gel consistency, amylose and protein contents, but considerable difference in appearance and torture of cooked rice. The glossiness or gross palatability score of cooked rice were closely associated with the peak. hot paste and consistency viscosities of viscogram with year difference. The high-quality rice variety “Ilpumbyeo” showed less portion of amylose on the outer layer of milled rice grain and less and slower change in iodine blue value of extracted paste during twenty minutes of boiling. This highly palatable rice also exhibited very fine net structure in outer layer and fine-spongy and well-swollen shape of gelatinized starch granules in inner layer and core of cooked rice kernel compared with the poor palatable rice through image of scanning electronic mcroscope. Gross sensory score of cooked rice could be estimated by multiple linear regression formula, deduced from relationship between rice quality components mentioned above and eating quality of cooked rice, with high Probability of determination. The ${\alpha}$ -amylose-iodine method was adopted for checking the varietal difference in retrogradation of cooked rice. The rice cultivars revealing the relatively slow retrogradation in aged cooked rice were Ilpumbyeo, Chucheongbyeo, Sasanishiki, Jinbubyeo and Koshihikari. A Tongil-type rice, Taebaegbyeo, and a japonica cultivar, Seomjinbyeo, shelved the relatively fast deterioration of cooked rice. Generally, the better rice cultivars in eating quality of cooked rice showed less retrogiadation and much sponginess in cooled cooked rice. Also, the rice varieties exhibiting less retrogradation in cooled cooked rice revealed higher hot viscosity and lower cool viscosity of rice flour in amylogram. The sponginess of cooled cooked rice was closely associated with magnesium content and volume expansion of cooked rice. The hardness-changed ratio of cooked rice by cooling was negatively correlated with solids amount extracted during boiling and volume expansion of cooked rice. The major physicochemical properties of rice grain closely related to the palatability of cooked rice may be directly or indirectly associated with the retrogradation characteristics of cooked rice. The softer gel consistency and lower amylose content in milled rice revealed the higher ratio of popped rice and larger bulk density of popping. The stronger hardness of rice grain showed relatively higher ratio of popping and the more chalky or less translucent rice exhibited the lower ratio of intact popped brown rice. The potassium and magnesium contents of milled rice were negatively associated with gross score of noodle making mixed with wheat flour in half and the better rice for noodle making revealed relatively less amount of solid extraction during boiling. The more volume expansion of batters for making brown rice bread resulted the better loaf formation and more springiness in rice bread. The higher protein rices produced relatively the more moist white rice bread. The springiness of rice bread was also significantly correlated with high amylose content and hard gel consistency. The completely chalky and large gram rices showed better suitability for fermentation and brewing. Our breeding efforts on rice quality improvement for the future should focus on enhancement of palatability of cooked rice and marketing qualify as well as the diversification in morphological and physicochemical characteristics of rice grain for various value-added rice food processings.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.87-114
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• 1994

1950년대부터 많은 개발도상국가들은 가족계획을 위주로 하는 인구제어정책을 추진하여 왔다. 특히 가부장제도를 중심으로하는 동아시아 국가들에 있어서는 남아선호관이 출산력 저하나 피임 실천율이 증대에 지대한 유해요인으로 일관해 왔다. Sheps(1963)는 실증적으로 2명의 아들을 갖기 위해서는 약 3.9명 정도의 자녀를 두어야 한다는 연구결과를 제시한바 있다. 이와 같은 남아선호관의 여파에도 불구하고 한국과 홍콩은 1980년대 증반에 이미 1.6명 수준의 저출산율을 이룩하였으며, 1970년대에 인구억제 정책을 시작한 중국도 2명 수준으로 저하되어 가족계획사업의 성공사례로 평가되어 왔다. 그러나 이들 국가들의 출산율은 지난 20-30년이라는 짧은 기간에 너무나 급진적으로 감소된 반면에 남아선호관의 상존으로 인한 성비(여자 100명당 남자수)의 불균형을 초래하게 되였다. 한 예로 한국의 경우 1960년도만 해도 6명 이상의 자녀를 출산하는 과정에서 1-2명의 아들을 둘 수 있는 확률은 매우 높았으나, 최근에는 출산율이 2명 이하로 저하되어 아들을 둘 수 있는 확률은 과거보다 3-4배 어려워졌기 때문에 인위적인 방법으로 아들을 두는 부모의 수가 증가하고 있다. 중국은 1970년대 중반기부터 강력히 추진되어온 소위 "한자녀 갖기 운동"으로 인하여 여아출산인 경우 영아살해 또는 출생의 미신고등 많은 사회적 물의를 야기하였고, 최근에는 초음파검사를통한 선택적 인공임신중절(태아가 여아인 경우)으 경우가 급격히 증가하고 있다. 우리 나라의 성비는 출산율이 급격히 감소된 1980년대 증반기부터 급격히 증가되었다. 즉 인구전체에 대한 성비는 1980년의 103.9명에서 1985년에 110명으로 증가하였고ㅡ 1990년 116.9명으로 증가되었다. 성비는 자녀의 수가 적을수록 높아지는 추세이다. 1991년 조사에서 출산을 종료한 부인의 경우 1자녀의 성비는 무려 206명이나 되고 있다. 이와 같은 결과는 한자녀를 원하는 부인이 아들을 둔 경우 1자녀에서 조산을 결심하기 때문인 것이다. 통계청 자료에 의하면 성비는 무엇보다도 자녀의 출산순위와 밀접하다. 1991년 출생신고자료의 경우 첫아이의 출생시 성비는 106.1명이고, 둘째아이가 112.8명이나, 셋째아이는 184.7명으로 크게 증가하고 넷째 이상의 경우는 212.3명이나 된다. 동일한 출산순위라도 이미 두고 있는 자녀의 성에 따라서 많은 차이를 보인다. 1991년도 3번째 출산의 경우 딸만 2명을 두고 있는 자녀의 성에 아들만 2명 또는 아들과 딸을 각각 1명씩 두고 있는 경우에 비해 높은 성비를 보이고 있다. 자녀를 출산하는데 있어서 처음에는 아들ㅇ르 기다리지만 딸의 수가 증가함에 따라 적극적으로 아들을 낳고자 하는 노력을 지속하게 됨을 알 수 있다. 이는 즉 임신한 자녀의 성이 딸로 판명되면 인공임신중절을 통해 임신을 종결시키고 있음을 의미한다. 최근 한국보건사회연구원에서 수행한 연구결과에 의하면 이미 출생한 자녀의 성구성은 임신결과를 결정하는 가장 중요한 변수로 부각되고 있다. 즉 임신이 인공임신중절로 귀착되는 확률은 부모가 이미 아들을 두고 있는 경우에 일관성 있게 증가되고 있음을 보이고 있다. 따라서 남아선호관은 임신결과를 결정할뿐 아니라 선택절 인공임신중절에 의한 성비의 불균형을 초래하는 주요 변수로써 할거되었다. 특히 피임실천이 보편화되고 선택적 인공임신중절의 이용이 손쉬운 현대사회에 있어서는 남아선호관이 출산력 저하에 저해요인으로서가 아니라, 인위적이던 자연적이던 간에 아들만 두면 단산하는 현행의 출산풍토하에서는 남아선호관이 오히려 출산력저하에 결정적으로 작용하고 있다고 하겠다. 태아의 성 판별을 통한 선택적 인공임신중절의 건수는 1990년 한해에 약 20,000건 정도가 되고, 1986-1990년 사이에 총 80,000건으로 추정된다. 이 수치는 출생한 여아수의 5%에 해당한다. 현재 출생시 성비의 불균형은 연간 총출생수의 10% 미만에 불과한 3번째 이상의 출산에서 발생되고 있기 때문에 인구학적인 측면에서는 큰 문제가 아니다. 그러나 앞으로 출산율의 감소와 더불어 선택적 인공임신중절이 년간 출생수의 90% 이상을 차지하고 있는 둘째, 첫째출산순위로 확산된다면 성비의 불균형은 급진적으로 가속화되어 전통적 결혼관습의 재연등 인간의 생태계를 파괴하는 새로운 차원에서의 사회인구학적인 문제가 야기될 것이다. 결론적으로 성비의 불균형을 초래하는 근본적인 원인은 우리 나라으 전통적인 의식구조인 남아선호관의 상종과 최신의 의료기술에 의한 선택적 인공임신중절에 기인된 것이기 때문에 이를 시정하기 위한 제반 사회제도적 극복정책은 지속적으로 강화되어야 할 것이다.되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-35
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• 2002

This study was conducted to provide basic data for policy of Oriental medicine by analyzing community resident's consciousness of taking herb medicine and its related factors. Data were collected from 1478 residents from March 2, 2001 to May 31, 2001. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1) The rate of experience of taking herb medicine was 85.2%(88.2% of 'male'; 82.5% of 'female'). It appeared to be significantly higher in the groups of 'the married', 'housewife', and 'Buddhist'. As the age increased, so the rate of experience of taking herb medicine was significantly high. 2) In case of purpose of taking herb medicine, taking herb medicine as a restorative(66.8%) was much higher than taking it as a curative medicine. 3) 52.1% of the respondents satisfied with the effect of herb medicine. The groups of 'male', 'older age', 'residents in a big city', 'insurant in company', and 'the employed' showed significantly high rate in satisfying with herb medicine than the other groups. 4) According to the reason for preferring herb medicine, 36.7% of the respondents preferred herb medicine because the herb medicine was effective, while 27.8% preferred it because its side effect was low. 16.7% preferred it because persons around them recommended it. 5) 42.6% of the respondents did not want to take the herb medicine because the price of the herb medicine was high. Also 20.6% of the respondents did not want to take herb medicine because it is uneasy to take herb medicine. 15.8% did not want to take it because certain food should not be taken during the period of taking it. 9.4% did not want to take it because it tasted bitter. 6) In case of opinions on side effects of herb medicine, 40.8% of the respondents thinks that herb medicine is free from side effects, while 37.5% thinks that it causes side effects. There were significant difference in the opinions on side effects by sex, age, marital status, resident area, education level, occupation, and type of health insurance. 7) 60.7% of the respondents thinks the price of herb medicine is not resonable, while only 10.9% thinks it is resonable. 8) 45.2% of the respondents uses packs of decocted herbs although they think the packs of decocted herb are a little low effective because decocting herbs in home is bothersome. 45.2% uses packs of decocted herbs because they are convenient, being not related to the effect. 7.6% takes medicinal herbs after decocting them in a clay pot because they think the packs of decocted herbs have low effect. 51.9% does not know whether taking herb medicine in summer is effective or not because the effect is different according to their physical constitutions. 35.5% thinks that taking herb medicine is summer is effective because their physical stamina is weakened after sweated a lot, while 12.6% thinks that it is not effective because the effect of herb medicine disappears with sweat. 9) According to the level of satisfaction with Oriental medical care, the respondents marked $3.47{\pm}0.64$ points on the base of 5 points. It was significantly higher in the groups of 'male', 'the married, resident in a big city', 'highschool graduate', 'the unemployed', 'office clerk', 'growing up in a big city', 'insurant in region', and 'the middle class'. 10) According to the result of a regression analysis of factors influencing preference for herb medicine, the factors displayed significant difference by sex, age, education level, health status, and times of receiving Oriental medical care. As shown in the above results, the community residents satisfy with the effect of herb medicine. Therefore, the method of taking herb medicine without difficulty must be devised. The medicinal herbs in packages need to be included in health insurance coverage and resonable price of herb medicine must be set. Also, education program for community residents must be developed in order to provide right information in herb medicine. Therefore, related public authority, associations, and professionals must make efforts, forming organic cooperative system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.47-62
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• 1969

A goby, Synechogobius hasta (Temminck et Schlegel) was studied to investigate the food consumed and the biological change of the food organisms, and the fish were sampled from the closed tributary and the lower Part of the Naktong River, near Pusan, during the period from November of 1967 to December of 1968. The fish were sampled from four stations (Fig. 1), the total number of fish being 1,295 and they were grouped and analysed monthly. The content of the alimentary canal was analysed in three categories according to modified Nilsson's method (Dahl 1962) with a slight alteration: 1) The number of each item of stomach contents was counted and the percentage of each item in proportion to the total number of food organisms is indicated by the letter 'N' representing numerical percentage in Table 2. 2) The percentage of fish which contained any items of food organisms in proportion to the total number of fish caught in a given season is indicated by the letter 'O' representing frequency of occurrence. 3) Dominant groups of food items were selected and the percentage of the number of each dominant item in proportion to the number of the food organisms belonging to the dominant groups is indicated by the letter 'D' representing dominance. All food organisms were classified in 50 food item categories and then they were grouped in 13 main groups (Fig. 2-1), and they were further divided into 1) obligatory bottom animals, 2) organic drifts and 3) actively swimming forms; according to the conditions of the animal communities within the habitat. Since the majority of its food was composed of the obligatory bottom animals ($94.6\%$), the fish appeard to be a typical bottom feeder. And the dominant food organisms of the fish is generally determined by the local composition of the benthic fauna within the fish habitat. And their seasonal rhythm occurs among the food organisms in the stomach by the biological interaction. Locality variation in the population of the same food organism occurs due to the difference of food organisms in the habitat of the fish at Seonam and Garak, and at Seongsan and Hadan the condition of the niche for the fish in the both regions seems to be the same since the composition and the seasonal variation of the organisms were the same. The results may be summarized as follows: 1) The goby mainly feed on the animals of bottom fauna, and the food organisms are deter-mined by the food compositions within the habitat. 2) Seasonal variation of the stomach content shows the seasonal rhythm due to the biological variation of the population and their interaction. 3) The goby shows no preference on specific food, and the food is composed of a variety of animals. 4) Major food items of the goby are Polychaeta, Palaemon modestus, Isopoda, Gammaridea, Insecta (nymphs and larvae), Ilyoplax deschampsi, and Paratye compressa. 5) Logitudinal succession oil the population of the food organisms is apparently recognized within the community of Seongsan, Garak and Seonam. 6) The goby begins to descend toward the estuary and sea around April when the water temperature reaches $20^{\circ}C$, and they begin to return to river waters in September.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

Objectives: This study was designed to develop and evaluate a stage matched exercise intervention program to effectively increase exercise behaviors in urban elders. Methods: The study included three phases: preliminary descriptive data collection, program development, and program evaluation. The data for the preliminary descriptive phase were collected between May and June 2001. The study participants were 89 urban elders who responded a questionnaire that included general characteristics, exercise related experiences, stage, and process of change in exercise behaviors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, and content analysis. Development of the program was based on the preliminary data. and a literature review, and was guided by the tran theoretical model. It consisted of strategies to facilitate the process of changes used in each stage. Evaluation of the program was achieved from October to December 2001, using a case study method, in which eight urban female elders participated. Interviews were conducted on a weekly basis in the form of either an individual interview, or group discussion. Each elder subject received education in accordance with the program strategies and education materials. In the case that a subject's stage of change moved into another one, the scores for the process of change were re-measured. The data were analyzed using the content analysis technique. Results: The results were as follows: 1. Elders who participated in the preliminary data collection phase were over 75 years of age, and the majority of them were women. They had a higher educational level, and fewer number of illnesses than the subjects in other studies. Their stage of change was divided into pre-contemplation and maintenance. The social liberation scores were the highest across all stages of change. There was no difference between men and women on scores for processes of change in each stage. 2. The stage matched exercise intervention program that was developed in this study consisted of one counseling type program and three distinguished educational booklet materials. 3. The results of the case studies are as follows: 1) The study participants were 8 women between 75 and 87 years of age. At the first interviews, all of them were in the pre-contemplation stage. All of them reached the action stage before the 7th week. The scores for processes of change that were the focus in each stage increased more than the scores for other processes of change. During the early stages of change, experimental processes increased more than behavioral processes. However. this pattern was reversed during later stages of change. 2) Characteristics of the subjects in each stage were identical as presented at the tran theoretical model. The intervention strategies were effective in the transition occurred in any stage. 3) Barriers for exercise included unwillingness to exercise, fatigue, shortness of breath, and pain. Ways to overcome these barriers were 'learning an alternative exercise method that can be done at home', 'self-promising/ exercise-promising', and 'use of cues to exercise'. 4) The factors that affected the application of the program were consideration of age and personal preference in selecting an exercise pattern, individualized intervention, and use of education materials appropriate to elders. Women over 80 years of age preferred muscle strengthening and stretching exercise, because they can be easily done at home. They also preferred individualized interventions, materials that were easy to read, and education contents appropriate for elders. Conclusion: In conclusion, the stage matched exercise intervention program that considered the characteristics of the elders was effective to facilitate exercise behaviors of the elders.