• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.146-156
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• 2007

This study is possible because, first, "rammatology" and typography are connected by language. Second, I believe that language in typography should be comprehended in a relationship between peripheral studies such as history, philosophy, literature, and linguistics. Finally, "grammatology" is an excellent subject for experiments which attempt to rehabilitate the right of language, which is dependent on sound within the metaphysical boundary. This study is formed on the idea that the study of typography should be based on language, which is the basic foundation, and that this is possible in investigations related to peripheral studies. The main purpose of typography is an accurate delivery of meaning. However, the dynamics of creative thoughts towards advancement mainly depends on experiment, thus we cannot limit the purpose of typography as a means of communication to exchange meanings. For these reasons, I admit that interest in peripheral studies -which are not yet approached in the study on typography -take precedence.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.8D no.1
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• pp.10-23
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• 2001

Transactions in real-time active databases have the notion of activeness where transactions are generated by external effects and another transaction. In this paper, we propose the multi version concurrency control algorithm for real-time active transactions. A real-time active transaction has a timing constraint in the form of a deadline until which the user wants to complete the transaction, and is characterized by triggering relationships which mean that association between a transaction that triggers the execution of another transaction and the triggered transaction. The triggering relationship is an important factor to resolve data conflicts among real-time active transactions. The proposed concurrency control mechanism resolves data conflicts by considering triggering relationships between conflicting transactions as well as priorities and precedence relationships. The conflict resolution mechanism considers association types of the triggering relationship such as abort and commit dependency, and then resolves data conflicts in favor of higher priority transactions. We also present the experimental results of our algorithm comparing other real-time active concurrency control algorithms.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.109-115
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• 2011

It can gain both the electric energy production and disperse of light at the same time if DSSC is applied in the building as window system. It means to help facade design and to be used in lighting, heating, cooling energy directly by applicating DSSC BIPV window that is possible to daylighting and materialization of color. For this, optical characteristics analysis that is basic step must take precedence. So, basic databases of DSSC are builded and optical performances according to the double and triple glazing are evaluated by analyzing spectral data of various colored DSSC. As a result, Green(4) has the highest visible transmittance that is 28.8%, and Blue(3) has the lowest that is 0.3%. And, in case of optical performance of Green(4) depending on the incidence angle, SHGC and Tsol are decreased sharply from more than $60^{\circ}C$. Finally, It is judged that Red(4), Green(1), (4), Blue(4) are suitable for application in office building because visible transmittance is high and solar heat gain coefficient is low relatively in spite of composing to double and triple glazing.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.4 s.17
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• pp.29-47
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• 1998

The aim of this study is to understand the original methods of architectural composition in F. L. Wright's works, For this purpose, the principal thoughts based on his organic architecture was examined over all others, and the results of this study are as follows. 1. F. L. Wright knew Taoist Philosophy, especially Lao-tzu's thought about space based on traditional oriental arts included traditional japanese arts by his superior intuition. this is similar to Froebel Thought in the principal theory, that is, his own unique field of abstract architectural education with three-dimensional geometry learned through Froebel Gifts. 2. Space is reality ; such Lao-tzu's thought, reversed the sense of values, influenced F. L. Wright's way to accomplish his own continuous space. that is to say, he attempted taking precedence of spatial organization by the unit of three-dimensional module made the substance, Froebel Blocks (3, 4, 5, 6 Gifts) into non-substance, and trying to do the methods of continuous liberal composition in architecture. which is his original accomplishment, namely his mentioned 'democratic' because of judging the space and the mold of architecture as individualities. 3. F. L. Wright treated the space as a positive entity, so that he created his own architecture organically combined with spaces and forms. : This was the result that he comprehended both formative, physical worth in West and spatial, non-physical worth in East as equivalence. It is understood that F. L. Wright's works combined with East and West are the significance of his architecture and the progress of true internationalities and modernization in modern architecture. 4. From the analyses of his works, we knew the fact that F. L. Wright's architecture, especially in the spatial organization were performed by the reasonable methods with geometric system of Froebel Gifts. In the observation of our fundamental way of thinking on his architecture, this study shows the necessity to let us get out of preconceptions and conclusions that the organic architecture is mysterious and difficult, but to systematize and put his organic methods to practical use.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.204-215
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• 2008

Demolition work is a precedence activity that is performed earlier than other remodeling activities. And demolition work is one of the critical path activities. So, demolition work is needed for systematic plan and management. However, contractors of the remodeling project established a rough plan and did not consider recycling wastes, safety of workers and structural stable of building. To improve this problem, a eco-friend process model of remodeling project is needed to be established. The process model is composed of five phases; 1) survey and analysis of general condition of demolition work, 2) prepare documents of demolition work 3) establishing demolition work plan, 4) demolition and inspection, 5) post-demolition management. Especially, demolition documents are based on establishing WBS, selecting the equipment and method, waste management and structure reinforcement. A process model of eco-friend demolition work is developed by using IDEF0 method.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.661-667
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose a new hybrid genetic algorithm for sequential ordering problem (SOP). In the proposed genetic algorithm, the Voronoi quantized crossover (VQX) is used as a crossover operator and the path-preserving 3-Opt is used as a local search heuristic. VQX is a crossotver operator that uses the epistasis information of given problem instance. Since it is a crossover proposed originally for the traveling salesman problem (TSP), its application to SOP requires considerable modification. In this study, we appropriately modify VQX for SOP, and develop three algorithms, required in the modified VQX, named Feasible solution Generation Algorithm, Precedence Cycle Decomposition Algorithm, and Genic Distance Assignment Method. The results of the tests on SOP instances obtained from TSPLIB and ZIB-MP-Testdata show that the proposed genetic algorithm outperforms other genetic algorithms in stability and solution quality.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.3C
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• pp.219-233
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• 2008

Optimal scheduling of parallel tasks with some precedence relationship, onto a parallel machine is known to be NP-complete. The complexity of the problem increases when task scheduling is to be done in a heterogeneous environment, where the processors in the network may not be identical and take different amounts of time to execute the same task. This paper introduces a Duplication based Task Scheduling with Communication Cost in Heterogeneous Systems (DTSC), which provides optimal results for applications represented by Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs), provided a simple set of conditions on task computation and network communication time could be satisfied. Results from an extensive simulation show significant performance improvement from the proposed techniques over the Task duplication-based scheduling Algorithm for Network of Heterogeneous systems(TANH) and General Dynamic Level(GDL) scheduling algorithm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.8
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• pp.110-124
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• 2015

This study examined a phenomenon of exaggerated hairstyle in the history of Western custom through publications related with Western costume and research papers. By adopting the criteria of Delong, M. R. to analyze visual forms shown by interaction between human body and costume worn over the body, it analyzed the formative characteristics by the interaction between hairstyle and costume. In addition, it inferred the aesthetic characteristics through content analysis of examined phenomenon focusing on socio-cultural background and costume socio-psychological precedent studies. Formative characteristics of exaggerated hairstyle applied by analysis criteria of Delong, M. R. were in pursuit of the emphasis style. This was clearly and intensively recognized by forming spaces for mostly closure style, part style, three dimensional style, determinate style, and space separation style. Regarding the interaction between hair and ornamentations, 'precedence of ornamentation' was pursued as ornamentations were recognized earlier than the hair itself. It means associative meanings of the surface effect were accompanied by emotions of 'intensiveness' and the pursuit of the attractive style. As for the interaction between hairstyle and costume, there were many cases of pursuing 'continuity' mutually and visually by connecting the hairstyle and the costume. Aesthetic characteristics of exaggerated hairstyle were inferred as 1) the expression of the sprite of the age(i.e. art, culture, politics, society, ideology, religion), 2) symbols of wealth, class, authority, and excellence, 3) pursuit of addicted desire to ornament, and 4) harmony through continuity with costume. This study verified that hairstyle was connected as a part of costume, or formed as a way to express deeper human psychology beyond just a part of a costume. It was also confirmed that hairstyle was an expressive method to express the spirit of the age, such as art, culture, society, religion, ideology.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.323-352
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• 1998

Documentary letters of credit including standby letters of credit are governed by the independence or abstraction rule and the doctrine of strict compliance. Since the former rule requires the issuing bank to honor the drafts regardless of the defective performance of the underlying contract, the applicant(the customer) will be without a remedy if he is unable to make himself whole by litigation on the underlying contract. Therefore, the applicant is exposed to a risk much higher than in the commercial letters of credit. The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit(UCP) has no provisions allowing legal relief for the applicant on the abuse of L/C by unscrupulous beneficiary, but UCC ${\S}5-114$ has provision allowing injunctive relief for the applicant. In this paper, I attempted to clarify certain standards of injunctive relief available for the customer in the credit. When there is fraud in the L/C transaction by any of the parties concerned, we must weigh the principle of independence or abstraction and the fraud rules. According to banking practice and judicial precedence, we need not keep the principle of independence and abstaction even in fraudulent transaction and the bona fide sufferer must be protected. The purpose of this paper is to review the studies of Fraud rule and the Injunction and to suggest the applicable standards for the Injunction therory under letters of credit. Specially this paper analysed the following ; (1) the guideline for the fraud (exception) rule to the autonomy principle, (2) the appilcable standards of the Injunction, and (3) the implications on parties concerned in letters of credit transaction. Conclusively, the Injunction should be granted if (1) there is clear proof of fraud (2) the fraud constitutes fraudulent abuse if the independent purpose of L/C (3) irreparble injury might follow if injunction is not granted or the recovery of damages would be seriously endangered.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.660-672
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• 2007

Today venture holds highly skilled technical manpower and high-tech products. To maintain the superiority in competition in the market, it is necessary to complete preparations, first of all, the effectual global marketing strategy should take precedence over the others. Therefore, this research is based on the research report of the special feature, the state of affairs and marketing strategy of venture business and is made up the questionnaire to interview total 200 companies of venture that was registered in Dec. 2006 and then is made the analysis of relevance of the statistical data of 154 companies of them and set up a hypothesis. As the result of it, it is set up two hypotheses. One of them is the difference of products, price, distribution and promotion according to the growth period. And the other is the difference of distribution and promotion according to the turnover. The venture places the great deal of weight on the discriminatory products concerned technical development and marketing activity. It is pointed out that it is to be passive to seek a new market promote the products, because of limitations of manpower, funds, technology and information in the beginning with smalt turnover.