• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.709-717
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• 2010

This study investigated the properties and functions of wool and silk dyed with Catechu by examining the effects of dying conditions such as dye concentration, dying temperature, dyeing time, pH level and pre-mordants. These conditions were examined in relation to dye uptake and color changes, washing fastness, light fastness, ultraviolet-cut ability and antimicrobial ability of the dyed fabrics. Catechu showed good affinity to silk fiber. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was obtained, and so it was considered that ionic bondings are formed between Catechu and protein fiber. As the dyeing time and temperature is increased, the dyeability of both silk and wool fabrics also increases. At high temperatures the color of dyed fabrics changes from Y and YR to R. Wool is effective in using Al, Cu, Fe mordant, while silk is effective only in using only Cu mordants. The dyeability was shown to be improved at low pH levels. Additionally, both washing fastness and light fastness were shown to be low. However, the fabric color gradually changed to red was due to mailard reaction of catechol tannin causingby repeated washing and sunlight. The ultraviolet-cut ability was improved for cotton fabric dyed with Catechu. Also, dyed fabric with Catechu showed very good antimicrobial abilities at 99.9%.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.03a
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• pp.535-542
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• 2010

Various difficulties have been increased in the construction of public structure; like the road in the overcrowding urban area, because of civil complaint, cost and period of construction. In oder to overcome these social problems, the tunnel has been planned the road design. Despite the resolution, there are many technical problems when constructed near facilities. The design of new tunnel below the existing service reservoir is applied to the ambient vibration blasting using Plasma. The result of test blasting was exceeded the standard ("2kine"). So it was considered a countermeasure for the vibration reduction applied to change the controlled blasting method, reduce the charge, add the pre middle horizontal hole in the cut blasting site, and so on. The result was satisfied the standard. Accordingly, if the quality of blasting process can be managed well, the application of this alternative method is highly effective one. Also, based on cost analysis between two methods, the alternative method is very competitive.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.336-346
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• 2011

Dyeing properties of protein fiber with bamboo colorants were studied by investigating the effect of dyeing conditions such as dye concentration, dyeing temperatures, times on dye uptakes, effect of mordants, and color change. The various colorfastness of dyed fabrics were evaluated for practical use. In addition, the antimicrobial ability, ultraviolet-cut ability, and deodorant ability were estimated. The dye uptake increased as the dyeing concentration increased. Bamboo colorants showed relatively good affinity to protein fiber and produced a yellow color. Dye uptake increased as the dyeing time and temperature increased. Post-mordanting was more effective than pre-mordanting. Mordants, Fe and N.Fe, were effective for increasing dye uptake. The color of fabric mordanted with Cu and N.Cu changed to GY. Colorfastness of dyed fabrics showed a relatively good rating, and mordanting had no significant effect on colorfastness. Dyed silk fabric showed very good antimicrobial abilities of 99.9%. Also, ultraviolet-cut ability and deodorant ability were improved in silk fabric dyed with bamboo extracts.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.835-845
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• 2018

We studied the role of ethylene control in regulating energy metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activity, and vase life of cut rose Rosa hybrida 'Carola'. Rose flowers at stage II were sprayed with one of the following solutions: water (control), $10{\mu}L\;L^{-1}$ 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), or $0.5g\;L^{-1}$ 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (ethephon). After harvest, ethylene production rate, respiration intensity, energy charge (EC), activities of energy metabolism-related and antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. Results showed that 1-MCP enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, $H^+$-adenosine triphosphatase, $Ca^{2+}$-adenosine triphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase, increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, maintained high EC levels, inhibited respiration intensity, reduced peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and MDA accumulation, and prolonged vase life. Ethephon promoted ethylene production and respiration intensity, increased POD and PPO activity, reduced ATP content and EC levels, and accelerated senescence. Our results support a novel role for ethylene control in regulating senescence of 'Carola'.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.2263-2275
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• 2023

In general, an internal fire events probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) model is quantified by modifying the pre-existing internal event PSA model. Because many pieces of equipment or cables can be damaged by a fire, a single fire event can lead to multiple internal events PSA initiating events (IEs). Consequently, when the fire events PSA model is quantified, inappropriate minimal cut sets (MCSs), such as duplicate MCSs, may be generated. This paper shows that single quantification of a hypothetical single-top fire event PSA model may generate the following four types of inappropriate MCSs: duplicate MCSs, MCSs subsumed by other MCSs, nonsense MCSs, and MCSs with over-counted fire frequencies. Among the inappropriate MCSs, the nonsense MCSs should be addressed first because they can interfere with the right interpretation of the other MCSs and prevent the resolution of the issues related to the other inappropriate MCSs. In addition, we propose a resolution process for each of the issues caused by these inappropriate MCSs and suggest an overall procedure for resolving them. The results of this study will contribute to the understanding and resolution of the inappropriate MCSs that may appear in the quantification of fire events PSA models.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.373-377
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• 2001

This study was conducted to find optimum pollination methods for overcoming pre-fertilization incompatibility in interspecific crosses between L. longiflorum 'Gelria' (LG) and L. cernuum (LC). In cross combination of $LC{\times}LG$, the survival rate of the ovaries was higher in the cut style pollinations than in normal stigmatic pollination. Among the various cut style pollination methods, pollination after cutting the styles 2 3mm length above the ovary and top of the ovary were the most effective ones. No ovaries and ovules survived in cross pollination of $LC{\times}LG$. In self-pollination of LG and cross pollination of $LC{\times}LG$, pollens germinated on the stigma by 12 hours and reached to the ovules by 90 hours after pollination. However, in the cross pollination of $LC{\times}LG$, pollen tubes elongated very slowly until 48 hours after pollination and a lot of deformed tubes were observed in the styler canal having swelled tube tip and irregular heavy callose deposition. The pollination time after anthesis also affected on the survival rate of ovaries and ovules showing the best result when pollinated on three days after anthesis. Stigma exudate promoted slightly the enlargement of ovaries, but the survival rate of ovaries and ovules was not increased.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.16 no.6 s.65
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• pp.451-466
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• 2006

Analysis of slope behavior concerning the structural characteristics of field rock mass can be processed by virtue of borehole information of joint orientation and position acquired from DOM drilled core. Anticipated sliding potential of pre-failed rock slope is analyzed and the regional slope instability is investigated by inspecting the hazardous joints and blocks the traces of which is projected on the cut-face. Cross section has been set at the center of rock slope and the traces of both joints and tetrahedral blocks, which potentially can induce the slope failure, are drawn to investigate the failure modes and the triggering mechanism. Automated monitoring system has been established to measure the slope movement and especially, inclinometer has been installed inside DOM borehole to analyze the slope movement by considering the internal rock structure. Algorithms for predicting the slope failure time have been reviewed and the significance of heavy rainfall on the slope behavior has been investigated.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.463-468
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• 2011

This study investigated the changes of plasminogen activators (PAs) activity, expression and localization of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) during the estrous cycle in pigs. Estrous cycle was sorted into three group by pre-ovulation (Pre-Ov), post-ovulation (Post-Ov) and early to mid-luteal stages (Early to mid-L). Analysis for immunohistochemistry was confirmed by location of tPA and uPA. Porcine uterus tissue was cut into $1{\times}1$ cm squares, and were incubated in DMEM/F-12 medium for 1 h at $38^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ for measurement of PA activity. Western blotting was implemented for measurement of PA quantity. In results, the blood vessels and secretory glands were increased in Post-Ov stage than Pre-Ov and Early to mid-L stages. The tPA and uPA was located mainly within lumen of blood vessels and secretory glands. The PA activity in Post-Ov ($0.99{\pm}0.03$) stage were significantly (p<0.01) higher than Pre-Ov stage ($0.51{\pm}0.03$) and Early to mid-L stage ($0.21{\pm}0.04$). Expression of PAs were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Early to mid-L stage than other stages. These results indicate that PAs activity and expression may change in uterus tissue during the estrous cycle in pigs.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.206-216
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• 2000

Predictional study for lateral change between pre- and post-orthognathic surgery has been emphasized mainly on anterior area of lateral profile; upper lip, lower lip and chin et al. So interest for lateral profile change has been less in posterior area of lateral profile and literature analyzing gonial angle change is rare. The purpose of this study is to make prediction for gonial angle change possible and to offer somewhat treatment guidance for gonial angle to be improved by investigating overall gonial angle change between pre- and post-orthognathic surgery and inquiring into factors influencing on pattern of genial angle change. For this study 35 patients were selected retrospectively. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken in just pre-op time, pod 1 day, pod 1 year. They were analyzed and genial angles were measured. The results were as follows : 1. Gonial angle at pod 1 day was decreased about $9.3^{\circ}$ than pre-op and gonial angle at pod 1 year was increased about $4.0^{\circ}$ than pod 1 day. So genial angle at pod 1 year was decreased about $5.3^{\circ}$ than pre-op genial angle(p<0.01). 2. Mean pre-op gonial angle was $129.4^{\circ}$, showing significantly high value than normal and mean gonial angle at pod 1 year was $124.1^{\circ}$, showing value near to normal. 3. Mean gonial angle change between pre-op and pod 1 year was decreased about $5.4^{\circ}$ in female and $5.3^{\circ}$ in male. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female(p>0.05). 4. Principal factor influencing on decreased gonial angle in gonial angle change between pre-op and pod 1 year was amount of mandibular setback. 5. Principal factor influencing on increased gonial angle in gonial angle change between pod 1 day and pod 1 year was % horizontal relapse, and it was thought that resorption and bone remodelling on posterior area in mandibular distal segment also were related to increased gonial angle. 6. It is thought that sagittal split ramus osteotomy in mandibular prognathic patients with high value of gonial angle is effective to improvement of gonial angle, and In patients who have normal range of gonial angle and are required with excessive mandibular setback, short lingual cut method, additional resection of posterior margin of distal segment, Obwegeser II method will be considerd. 7. More prudent operation and careful post-op management will be responsible for maintenance of postoperative stable gonial angle.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.299-310
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• 1999

Effect of electrostatic and inertial forces on the pre-charged particle deposition was theoretically and experimentally studied by introducing the inertia impactor subjected to an electric field. To derive the analytic solution, we assumed that a flow was an ideal stagnation flow, a particle had saturation charges, and the electric field within the test section was uniform. On the other hand, $Al_2O_3$ particle groups were used as the test particles, which mean sizes were $1{\mu}m$, $3{\mu}m$, and $5{\mu}m$. To measure the deposition efficiency, the light scattering method was used. The results showed that the deposition efficiency was minimized at a certain nozzle velocity as increasing the nozzle velocity, only if the electric force was applied. As the electric field strength increased, $Stk_{50}{^{1/2}}$ was decreased, and its decreasing rate was reduced with increasing the flow velocity. Moreover the existence of electric field was against the cut-off performance of the inertia impactor.