• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.69-93
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• 2012

블로그, 페이스북, 트위터와 같은 SNS(Social Network Service)는 유저와 포스트를 노드로, 유저와 포스트, 포스트와 포스트, 또는 유저와 유저 사이에 형성되는 다양한 관계를 링크로 하는 그래프로 표현될 수 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 그래프 구조를 분석하여 다른 유저들의 생각과 행동에 영향을 미치는 영향 유저를 선별하는 방법에 대해 논한다. 기본적인 패러다임으로 기존의 투표성 개념이 아닌, 다양한 시맨틱 웹 자원의 중요도를 평가하기 위해 제안된 상호작용성 개념을 초기 SNS의 하나인 블로고스피어의 영향력 평가에 적용함으로써, 여러 모의 실험을 통해 그 타당성과 적용 가능성을 입증하였다. 모의 실험은 각 대안이 제공하는 결과의 타당성 정도에 따라 성능을 비교 분석할 수 있는 네트워크 모형을 디자인하여 사용하였다. 또, 이러한 네트워크 모형에 대한 링크 가중치 튜닝의 결과 변화를 살펴봄으로써, 가중치 조합의 차이에서 발생하는 실험 오차를 줄이고, 실제 적용의 용이함을 비교 분석하였다. 부가적으로, 스팸 필터링 목적에서 포스트 컨텐츠 점수를 링크 구조 기반 방법 안에 포함시킬 수 있는 방법도 제안하였다. 본 연구는 SNS 영향유저 선별에 대한 연구의 출발점으로서, 다음과 같은 점에서 기존 연구와 구별된다. 첫째, 스크랩, 댓글, RSS, 친구 등 기존 연구에서 유의미한 속성으로 간주했지만, 그래프 기반 방법으로 함께 고려할 수 없었던 다양한 영향력 속성들을 종합적으로 반영할 수 있는 그래프 기반 영향력 평가 프레임웍을 제시한다. 둘째, 이 프레임웍은 영향력이 높은 개체들과 상호작용하는 개체가 영향력이 낮은 개체들과 상호작용하는 개체보다 높은 영향력을 갖게 되는 일반적인 현상을 구현할 수 있는 양방향성을 반영한다. 셋째, 영향력 평가 면에서 다른 사람들의 추종액션을 유발한 정도를 가장 중요한 요인으로 고려하여, 일련의 참조관계에 대해 기존의 페이지랭크나 HITS(Hypertext Induced Topic Selection)와는 다른 관점에서 접근하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2014

연구 목적: 본 연구의 목적은 중합 과정 중 치과용 레진 시멘트의 점탄성 성질의 변화를 관찰하기 위한 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 6 종류의 레진시멘트(Clearfil SA luting, Panavia F 2.0, Zirconite, Variolink N, RelyX Unicem clicker, RelyX U200)가 이번 실험에 사용되었다. AR1500 stress controlled rheometer를 이용해 $32^{\circ}C$에서 동적 시간 경과 시험(dynamic oscillation time sweep test)이 시행되었다. 각각의 레진시멘트의 전단 저장 계수(G'), 전단 손실 계수(G"), 손실 탄젠트(tan ${\delta}$), 변위량을 20분 동안 3번씩 반복 측정하였다. 측정 결과는 일원배치분석 및 Tukey's hoc test로 사후 검정을 시행하였다(${\alpha}$=0.05). 결과: 모든 레진 시멘트는 혼합 후 시간에 따라 G' 값이 증가하였고, 최종적으로 안정상태에 도달하였다. 실험 종료 시점에서 RelyX U200은 가장 높은 G'값을 나타냈고, RelyX Unicem (clicker type)과 Variolink N이 가장 낮은 G'값을 나타냈다. Tan ${\delta}$와 변위량은 일정 수준의 값을 유지하다가 G'이 증가하기 시작하는 시점에서 0에 도달하였다. 이는 변위량이 0에 도달하는 지점과 거의 일치하였으며, 그 시간은 6분 내외였다. 결론: 본 연구에서 RelyX U200은 다른 레진 시멘트와 비교하여 가장 오랜 시간 동안 소성을 유지하고, 경화 완료 후 가장 높은 강도(rigidity)를 보였다. 따라서 여러 개의 보철물을 동시에 합착해야 하는 경우에 RelyX U200이 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.801-810
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to assess Korea's traditional ritual food culture, and to compare two types of ancestral rites the Hyang-Sa and Bool-cheon-wi rites which were held in the Daegu and Andong regions of Korea. In this study, we describe the performance of the Bool-cheon-wi rites held by two head families located near the Andong area namely, the head family of Seoae Ryu Seong-Ryong(1542-1607)(Seoae) who was well-respected for his writings and personality, and the head family of Dangye Ha Wee-Ji(1412-1456)(Dangye) who was well-known and famous as one of the members of the Sa-ryuk-sin. This research was conducted via diredt engagement in these memorial services and several interviews with the families. The results were summarized as follows; Foods used in the Hyang-sa rites including Mae(bap), Kook, Jaban(Jogee), Po(dried fish), Juck, boiled and seasoned vegetables, fruits, confections, and liquor. Jobap and Ssalbap were used as Mae at SD(Seo Dalsung), and PMPH(Pahoi Myogul Habin Park) used Jo, Hyunmy, Pi and Susu in the raw. The dishes on the table were arranged as follows. A wine cup was placed in the first row, Po(a dried pollack), and jujube and nuts in the second row, Ryukpo(slices of dried beef), Sangeogogi were set at the third row, and Soegogi, pork, Mu, and Minary were placed in the fourth row, and the head of the pig was placed in the center of the table at SD. A wine cup, Soegogi, and pork were positioned in the first row, Mu, Minary, Pi and Susu were placed in the second row, and Jogee, Jo, and Hyunmy were placed in the third row at PMPH. The sacrificial foods offered for Bool-cheon-wi rites were as follows; Mae(bap) Kook noodle Jogee Tang(stew) Po Juck Tucks boiled, seasoned and salted vegetables Jeon fruit confectioneries liquor(chungju). The head family of Seoae Yu Seong-Ryong utilized 5 types of Tang(meat stew, fish stew, chicken stew, vegetable stew, seafood stew), whereas the head family of Dangye Ha Wee-Ji utilized 3 kinds of Tang(meat stew, fish stew, vegetable stew). As a basic Tuck, Shi-roo-tuck(a steamed rice cake), piled up to 25 layers, was primarily utilized. In particular, Jung-Gae(Seoae's favorite food) was placed on the table. For grilled-meat food(Juck), Yu's family used raw meat and Ha's family the half-cooked meat. The main types of Jucks used were meat-Juck, fish-Juck, chicken-Juck, and these were not served one by one. Hyang-sa and Bool-cheon-wi rites have an the educational function, in that they allow for the carrying out of filial duties by a heartfelt performance of performing the ceremony, by taking great care from the pre-rite preparations to the post-rite period. In addition, these rites have various meanings, as events that strengthen the ties of blood relations of ancestors and themselves, and to promote and harmonize family friendships, they may also have religious meaning in the culture, as prayers are offered that all the family's descendants may be blessed, live long and enjoy abundance whlie respecting their ancestors. As for the role of Hyang-sa and Bool-cheon-wi rites in today's nuclear family society, it can be said that these rites remain especially important as a method to strengthen community consciousness by fostering an understanding of the meaning of existence itself, and thus inspiring the roots of consciousness.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.4517-4525
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• 2016

Background: Sperm DNA damage is underlying aetiology of poor implantation and pregnancy rates but also affects health of offspring and may also result in denovo mutations in germ line and post fertilization. This may result in complex diseases, polygenic disorders and childhood cancers. Childhood cancer like retinoblastoma (RB) is more prevalent in developing countries and the incidence of RB has increased more than three fold in India in the last decade. Recent studies have documented increased incidence of cancers in children born to fathers who consume alcohol in excess and tobacco or who were conceived by assisted conception. The aetiology of childhood cancer and increased disease burden in these children is lin ked to oxidative stress (OS) and oxidative DNA damage( ODD) in sperm of their fathers. Though several antioxidants are in use to combat oxidative stress, the effect of majority of these formulations on DNA is not known. Yoga and meditation cause significant decline in OS and ODD and aid in regulating OS levels such that reactive oxygen speues meditated signal transduction, gene expression and several other physiological functions are not disrupted. Thus, this study aimed to analyze sperm ODD as a possible etiological factor in childhood cancer and role of simple life style interventions like yoga and meditation in significantly decreasing seminal oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage and thereby decreasing incidence of childhood cancers. Materials and Methods: A total of 131 fathers of children with RB (non-familial sporadic heritable) and 50 controls (fathers of healthy children) were recruited at a tertiary center in India. Sperm parameters as per WHO 2010 guidelines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA fragmentation index (DFI), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxy guanosine (8-OHdG) and telomere length were estimated at day 0, and after 3 and 6 months of intervention. We also examined the compliance with yoga and meditation practice and smoking status at each follow-up. Results: The seminal mean ROS levels (p<0.05), sperm DFI (p<0.001), 8-OHdG (p<0.01) levels were significantly higher in fathers of children with RB, as compared to controls and the relative mean telomere length in the sperm was shorter. Levels of ROS were significantly reduced in tobacco users (p<0.05) as well as in alcoholics (p<0.05) after intervention. DFI reduced significantly (p<0.05) after 6 months of yoga and meditation practice in all groups. The levels of oxidative DNA damage marker 8-OHdG were reduced significantly after 3 months (p<0.05) and 6 months (p<0.05) of practice. Conclusions: Our results suggest that OS and ODD DNA may contribute to the development of childhood cancer. This may be due to accumulation of oxidized mutagenic base 8OHdG, and elevated MDA levels which results in MDA dimers which are also mutagenic, aberrant methylation pattern, altered gene expression which affect cell proliferation and survival through activation of transcription factors. Increased mt DNA mutations and aberrant repair of mt and nuclear DNA due to highly truncatred DNA repair mechanisms all contribute to sperm genome hypermutability and persistant oxidative DNA damage. Oxidative stress is also associated with genome wide hypomethylation, telomere shortening and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to genome hypermutability and instability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report decline in OS and ODD and improvement in sperm DNA integrity following adoption of meditation and yoga based life style modification.This may reduce disease burden in next generation and reduce incidence of childhood cancers.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.97-106
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• 1990

1. Background Women's health and their involvement in health care are essential to health for everyone. If they are ignorant, malnourished or over-worked, the health &-their families as well as their own health will suffer. Women's health depends on broad considerations beyond medicine. Among other things, it depends upon their work in farming. their subordination to their families, their accepted roles, and poor hygiene with poorly equipped housing and environmental sanitation. 2. Objectives and Contents a. The health status of rural women : physical and mental complaints, experience of pesticides intoxication, Farmer's syndrome, experiences of reproductive health problems. b. participation in and attitudes towards housework and farming c. accessibility of medical care d. status of maternal health : fertility, family planning practice. induced abortion, and maternal care 3. Research method A nationwide field survey, based on stratified random sampling, was conducted during July, 1986. Revised Cornell Medical index(68 out of 195 items). Kawagai's Farmers Syndrome Scale, and self-developed structured questionnaires were used to rural farming wives(n=2.028). aged between 26-55. 4. Characteristics of the respondents mean age : 40.2 marital status : 90.8% married mean no. of household : 4.9 average years of education : 4.7 yrs. average income of household : \235,000 average years of residence in rural area : 36.4 yrs average Working hours(household and farming) : 11 hrs. 23 min 5. Health Status of rural women a. The average number of physical and mental symptoms were 12.4, 4.7, and the rate of complaints were 22.1%, 38.8% each. revealing complaints of mental symptomes higher than physical ones. b. 65.4% of rural women complained of more than 4 symptoms out of 9, indicating farmer's syndrome. 11.9 % experienced pesticide overdue syndrome c. 57.6% of respondents experienced women-specific health problems. d. Age and education of respondents were the variables which affect on the level of their health 6. Utilization of medical services a. The number of symptoms and complaints of respondents were dependent on the distance to where the health-care service is given b. Drug store was the most commonly utilized due to low price and the distance to reach. while nurse practitioners were well utilized when there were nurse practitioner's office in their villages. c. Rural women were internalized their subordination to husbands and children, revealing they are positive(93%) in health-care demand for-them but negative(30%) for themselves d. 33.0% of respondents were habitual drug users, 4.5% were smokers and 32.3% were alcohol drinkers. and 86.3% experienced induced-abortion. But most of them(77.6%) knew that those had negative effects on health. 7. Maternal Health Care a. Practice rate of contraception was 48.1% : female users were 90.9% in permanent and 89.6% in temporary contraception b. Induced abortions were taken mostly at hospital(86.3%), while health centers(4.7%), midwiferies(4.3%). and others(4.5%) including drug stores were listed a few. The repeated numbers of induced abortion seemed affected on the increasing numbers of symptoms and complaints. c. The first pre-natal check-up during first trimester was 41.8%, safe delivery rate was 15.6%, post-natal check-up during two months after delivery. Rural women had no enough rest after delivery revealing average days of rest from home work and farming 8.3 and 17.2. d. 86.6% practised breast feeding, showing younger and more educated mothers depending on artificial milk 8. Recommendations a. To lessen the multiple role over burden housing and sanitary conditions should be improved, and are needed farming machiner es for women and training on the use of them b. Health education should begin at primary school including health behavior and living environment. c. Women should be encouraged to become policy-makers as well as administrators in the field of women specific health affairs. d. Women's health indicators should be developed and women's health surveillance system too.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.389-395
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• 2011

본 연구는 치위생과 학생들이 가지고 있는 성취동기가 어떠한지를 파악하고, 성취동기에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보기 위해 2010년 3월부터 2010년 6월까지 약 4개월에 걸쳐 3개 대학의 치위생과 재학생을 편의추출하여 자료를 수집하였고 설문지 421부를 분석에 사용한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 대상자의 일반적 특성에서 졸업 후 예상되는 근무기간을 보면 '결혼 후에도 계속 하겠다'가 78.4%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 해외진출에 대한 나의 의지에 대한 질문에는 '상황에 따라 결정하겠다' 47.7%, '즉시 가겠다' 29.2%, '경력을 쌓은 후 가겠다' 22.6%로 나타났고 치위생학에 대한 나의 생각에 있어서는 대체로 긍정적이었다. 2. 치위생과 학생의 성취동기는 3.34점으로 나타났으며, 가장 높은 점수를 보인 문항은 '주어진 일은 책임감 있게 수행한다' 3.78점이었고, 가장 낮은 점수를 보인 문항은 '약간 위험이 따르는 일을 좋아한다' 2.67점으로 나타났다. 3. 대상자의 일반적 특성에 따른 성취동기를 보면 학년이 높을수록(p<0.001), 임상실습경험이 있을수록(p<0.01), 졸업 후 예상하는 근무기간에 따라서는 '결혼 후 재취업하겠다'고 응답한 경우 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 또 해외진출에 대한 의지는 해외진출에 대한 강한 의지를 가진 사람일수록 (p<0.001), 성격이 긍정적일수록(p<0.001), 상황이나 환경변화에 대해서도 적응을 잘 할수록 성취동기가 높게 나타났다(p<0.001). 4. 대상자의 일반적 특성이 성취동기에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 다른 변수들이 통제된 가운데 학년이 증가할수록(p<0.01), 졸업 후 예상되는 근무기간에서 '결혼 시까지 하겠다'(p<0.01), '결혼 후 계속하겠다' (p<0.05)는 생각을 가지지 않을수록 치위생과 학생들의 성취동기는 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 치위생과 학생들의 성취동기는 대체로 높은 편이었으며, 학년이 증가할수록, 졸업 후 예상되는 근무기간이 길수록 성취동기는 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 치위생과 학생들의 성취동기를 높이기 위해서는 재학 중에 치과위생사에 대한 긍정적 마인드를 심어주고, 재학 중에 노력한 결과 본인이 목표한 곳에 취업하여 성공적으로 일하고 있는 선배들의 사례를 통해 본인도 그렇게 할 수 있다는 진취적인 생각을 할 수 있도록 지도해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.137-155
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of sex education on knowledge and attitude related to sex. The subjects were taken from by 199 students in 3 classes from 1st grade in H girl's junior high school as the study group, and 2 classes from 1st grade in S girl's junior high school as control group. During the survey period(September 21, 1998 to September 30, 1998), 6 times in terms of one-hour class for sex education were taught to the study group. A pre-test was executed on September 19, 1998 and the post-test on September 30. The findings were as follows. 1. According to the research, 20.1％ of the subjects have experienced sex education from parents and 89.9％ from teacher. They have mostly obtained the sex-related information from teachers(59.8％), following movie, radio, TV, or video tape(40.7％), friends(35.2％), reading materials such as books, cartoons, news papers and magazines(31.7％), parents(15.6％), siblings(7.0％), PC(1.5％) and telephone service(1.5％). 2. 27.1％ of the subjects reported that they had sex-related worry concerning from friendship with the opposite sex, following physiological phenomenon(31.5％), sex violence(11.1％), physical characteristics(7.4％), VD and contraception(5.6％), sexual impulse(5.6％), pregnancy and delivery(5.5％), and sexual behaviour(3.7％). The research showed that the adolescents usually solved their problems through the consultation with theifriends(44.4％). However, 16.7％ of the subjects were turned out not to request any solution. The other minor routes to settle their problems were written materials such as books, magazines(13.0％), parents(13.0％), movie, radio, TV, or video tape(5.5％), acquainted female elders(3.7％) and teachers(3.7％). 3. The most interesting part regarding sex was the friendship with the opposite sex(61.8％), following adolescent's emotion(55.8％), physiological differences between two genders(52.8％), AIDS(48.7％), VD(46.7％), pregnancy(45.2％), contraception(45.2％), abortion(41.7％), intercourse(41.7％), masturbation(41.2％), sex violence(41.2％) and genital structure and secondary sexual characteristics(28.6％). 4. In regard to characteristics of the subjects influencing sex-related knowledge, the higher educational career of mother, living with at least either parent and the experience of sex education by teachers were statistically significant factors(p〈0.05). 5. In regard to characteristics of the subjects influencing attitudes toward sex, the experience of sex education by parents or teachers was a statistically significant factor(p〈0.05). 6. The analysis of knowledge score comparing results before and after sex education showed that control group's score decreased from 12.5 to 12.44 while the study group's score increased from 12.33 to 21.31, which was statistically significant(p〈0.001). 7. The analysis of the attitude scores before and after sex education showed that the control group's score slightly increased from 55.57 to 56.36, while the study group's score increased from 54.79 to 61.95, which was statistically significant(p〈0.001). 8. The level of sex-related concerns of the study group after sex education marked both the increase in some items and the decrease in others. 9. Most instructive session among the sex education was the third “to be a good friend to the opposite sex”(27.0％).

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.97-118
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to compare the nurses' perceptions with the women's about the women's needs in premature labor and to find out how to accomplish effective nursing intervention for the women to cope with their crises in premature labor. The objects of this study consisted of 33 hospitalized mothers in post partum because of premature labor, who were delivered of new born, in four university hospitals, a general hospital and a lower general hospital which has a neonatal intensive care unit in Seoul during 17 days(Oct. 4, 1994 to Oct. 20, 1994) and 32 nurses who have worked at delivery rooms in the hospitals above for 6 months or more, accomplishing nursing intervention. The results of this investigation were as follows : 1) General characteristics of women : Their mean age was 29.4 years(SD 4.37) and the mean of their gestational periods 3 days over 34 weeks(SD 2.48). Most of them were the married(93.9%) and held high school degree or more(93.9%). And some of them were the deligious(68.7%), multiparae(59.4%) and had their jobs(21.2%). The also had hospitalized experience due to premature labor(51.5%), experienced in premature delivery(33.3%), the prental care(78.6%), cesearean section(63.6%), and pregnancies less than twice(62.5%). The most mothers were included in 34 weeks and a day to 37 weeks(60.6%). It was also confirmed that most of the sustaining presences in labor were their husbands(81.2%). 2) General characteristics of nurses : Their mean age was 27.6 years(SD 4.50), and their carrier with the service on the average 6 months over 3 years long(SD 3.63). Numbers of them were staff nurses(84.4%), maiden ladies(71.9%), graduated from junior colleges of nursing(71.9%), and had no experiences in delivery(78.1%).Besides, none of them had experiences in premature labor. 3) The whole mean of needs perceived by pregnant women was identified as 3.086 points and the degree of their perception was given much weight in order of interdependence need(3.14), self concept need(3.11), physical physiologic need(3.09), and role function need(2.74). So it was proved that they regarded interdependence need as being the most important need in crises caused premature labor. 4) The whole mean of needs felt by the nurses was 3.092 points and the degree of their feelings was given much weigh in order of physical physiologic need(3.22), self concept need(3.15), interdependence need(3.06) and role function need(2.75). So it was ascertained that they felt physical physiologic need the most important, differing from the women in it. 5) There were few differences on the degrees of the perceptions that the nurses and the women showed on each of the four parts. 6) On each part of the questionnaires, it was examined that the women felt the need for the fetus to be the most important generally while the nurses perceived the need with the women to be more important than that. 7) The primiparae(40.6%) felt role function need be more important than multiparae(59.4%) (p<0.05), and the women from universities and above(39.4%) perceived self concept need to be more important than those holding the high school degrees and below(60.6%). (p<0.05) 8) The nurses having experience in delivery(21.9%) perceived interdependence need and role function need to be more important than important than those having no experiences(78.1%). (p<0.05) So far most of the nurses have concentrated their efforts on nursing for safety for the women in premature labor hospitalized in delivery rooms. But the women are not satisfied with just it because of having perceived the need for the fetus more important above all. In nursing for the future, therefore, every nurse caring for the women should offer them all the informations that they will want for their fetuses to adapt them to the crises effectively, understanding such their needs and making most of honest and simple terms for them, I insist. Through this study, I'm sure that inquiring into the need of women in premature labor minetely will show the way of more effective nursing interventions in clinic. And I suggest that the various kinds of studies about the more objects be done for the generalization of the results of this study in the future.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2002

손으로 디자인하던 시대(20세기)는 지났고, 머리로 디자인하는 시대(21세기)에 이미 근접해 있다. 이것은 오늘날의 디자인은 잘 그리거나, 잘 만드는 조형 테크닉에서 벗어나 아이디어 창출은 물론 철저한 디자인 기획과 판매 촉진력을 중시하기 때문에 먼저 자신이 살고 있는 시대를 인식하지 않으면 안 된다. 디자인은 이 시대 모든 사람들에게 절실한 '혁신의 과정' 그 자체이기 때문이며, 동시에 언제나 시대와 함께 생생히 숨쉬며 거울처럼 세상을 비추어 내는 문화이기 때문이다. 또한, 디자인이 시대에 따라 변화하는 동적인 실용적인 조형미를 나타내는 것이기 때문이다. 단순한 소비사회에서 이성적인 소비사회로의 디자인의 CONCEPT이 변하고 있다. 1차적 디자인의 개념의 디자인은 모양과 외형의 장식을 중심으로 한 시각적 차별화 단계의 작품으로서, 제품을 기술적으로 완성한 후 미적 요소를 첨가하는 것이다. 이는 생산자 중심의 디자인의 개념이라고 할 수 있으며, 20세기를 지배했던 기능주의의 역사적 판정에서 공업화 제품을 사용해서 모든 인간들을 표준화시키고, 심플한 상품을 공급하는 것이었다. 2차적 개념의 디자인은 사용자의 관점에서 제품과 서비스의 차별화를 목표로 하고 있다. 디자인 생산, 마케팅 및 연구개발이 동시에 경영 과정에 참여하게되고, 제품의 특성, 성능, 규격 일치, 품질 내구성, 브랜드에 대한 신뢰성, 제품의 스타일 등이 디자인의 concept에 포함된다. 21세기의 디자인 의식은 모든 것이 가능하고, 어떤 것도 다시 똑같을 수 없고, 어떤 것도 다시 똑같기를 원치 않으며, 우리가 모든 것을 새롭게 만들기를 원하며, 과거의 모든 대상, 가치 정신구조, 일을 행하는 방식들을 제거해 버리길 원한다. 어쨌든 과거의 모든 것이 변형되기를 원한다는 신념에 근거를 두고 있는 것처럼 보인다. 3차적 디자인의 개념의 디자인이란 기업 이미지 통합 차원의 디자인을 일컬으며, 이것은 각 기업 간의 기술의 격차가 줄어들면서 제품의 심미적 특성과 서비스가 구매의 관건이 되는 시기에 요구되는 디자인의 개념으로서, 제품과 서비스를 이용하여 기업과 사용자 양쪽의 이미지를 차별화하는 단계라고 혈 수 있다. 이 단계에서의 디자인의 역할은 기업으로 하여금 훌륭한 제품을 탄생시킬 수 있는 기술, 마케팅, 디자인간의 조화를 추구하는 것뿐만이 아니라, 서비스나 유통, 이미지까지 총괄하여 디자인함으로서 기업이 사용자에게 제공할 수 있는 모든 분야로 디자인의 대상을 확대하는 것이다. 이미 현대의 소비자들은 스스로 의식을 하든 못하든 3차적 디자인의 개념에서 세상의 제품과 서비스와 이미지 등을 평가하여 구매를 결정하고 있다. 그러므로 앞으로 다가올 21세기의 디자인과 디자이너는 단순히 어떠한 제품, 상품의 concept를 구현하는 것이 아니라, 인간적 감동을 주는 의미를 만들어 내야 한다. 이 세상에서 진정한 효용을 주는 그런 concept를 제시해야 하며 그 방법론이 Design이라고 생각한다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.52-60
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• 2006

국산목재시장에서 유통되는 낙엽송 원주상 소경목(직경 10 cm 정도)의 목재 특성(연륜 특성, 심 변재 분포, 할열 분포 등)이 ACQ와 CCA의 처리특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사 연구한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 시장에 유통되는 낙엽송 원주상 소경목은 약 13~16, 17~20개의 연륜수를 갖는 빈도가 가장 높았으며, 2~3과 4~5 mm의 연륜폭을 갖는 원목의 빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 원주상 소경목의 재면에 심, 변재가 혼재되어 나타나는 비율은 전체 공시목의 54%였으며 나머지는 심재만이 재면 노출된 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 원주상 소경목에 발생하는 할열 수는 재면에 1~6개, 횡단면에 1~4개의 빈도가 가장 높았으며, 할열의 크기는 재면에서 1~14 mm, 횡단면에서는 8~14 mm의 빈도가 가장 높았다. 가압처리 결과, 재면에 심 변재가 혼재되어 나타날 때에는 방사방향의 평균침투도는 ACQ에서 $4.3{\pm}4.19mm$, CCA에서 $8.5{\pm}4.98mm$로 침투도에 변이가 심한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 심재의 경우에는 ACQ에서 1.3 mm, CCA에서 1.1 mm로 매우 작은 침투도를 나타내 두 약제 모두 산림청 고시 사용환경 H3기준에 미달되는 결과를 나타냈다. 심재에 대해 인사이징 처리하고 가압 처리 하였을 때 인사이징 부위의 접선방향 침투도는 ACQ의 경우 약 0.7 mm, CCA는 약 0.6 mm로 두 약제 모두 인사이징의 침투도 개선 효과가 매우 낮은 결과를 보였다. 한편 심재에서 연륜수가 많을수록 약제의 평균 흡수량은 감소 경향을 보였으며 연륜수와 평균 흡수량 간에 상관관계가 인정되었다(r=0.5345). 재면에 심재만이 노출된 경우에는 횡단면과 재면의 할열수 및 할렬크기와 흡수량사이에 상관계수가 각각 r=0.1301과 r=0.1802로 모두 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다.