• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 1967

In the present experiment the amino acid composition in the pollen of Pinus taeda and Pinus rigida and methbolic changes of the composition occurring in germinating pollen were examined by the method of paper chromatography. The results obtained in this study are as follows. 1. The mature pollen of Pinus taeda and Pinus rigida contained 12.00%, 13.19% crude protein respectively and sixteen protein-constituting amino acids and three unknowns were detected on the chromatogram. 2. Main components of the protein-constituting amino acids were leucines, valine, alanine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. 3. The free amino acids such as leucines, valine, tyrosine, alanine and glutamic acid increased evidently during germination of the pine pollen.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 1992

The needles and pollen of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis were studied for their lipid contents and fatty acid composition. The total lipid contents in needles of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis were 5.0 and 4.5%, whereas in pollen of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis 3.5 and 5.6%, respectively. Twenty-four fatty acids ranged from lauric acid to docosahexaenoic acid(22:6${\omega}$3) were identified in the needle lipids. In needles, linolenic acid and palmitic acid were the major fatty acids. The needles of Pinus densiflora showed higher proportions of docosahexaenoic acid and 5-olefinic nonmethylene-interrupted polyenoic acids than those in the Pinus koraiensis. Twenty fatty acids ranged from myristic acid to lignoceric acid were identified in the pollen lipids. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in the pollen followed by oleic and palmitic acid. The fatty acid profile of pollen of Pinus densiflora was similar to those of the Pinus koraiensis pollen lipids.

• Mycobiology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.249-257
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• 2021

Plants pollination are conducted through various pollinators such as wind, animals, and insects. Recently, the necessity for artificial pollination is drawing attention as the proportion of natural pollinators involved is decreasing over the years. Likewise, the trade in pollen for artificial pollination is also increasing worldwide. Through these imported pollens, many unknown microorganisms can flow from foreign countries. Among them, spores of various fungi present in the particles of pollen can be dispersed throughout the orchard. Therefore, in this study, the composition of fungal communities in imported pollen was revealed, and potential ecological characteristics of the fungi were investigated in four types of imported pollen. Top 10 operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of fungi were ranked among the following groups: Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., and Didymella glomerata which belong to many pathogenic species. Through FUNGuild analysis, the proportion of OTUs, which is assumed to be potentially plant pathogens, was higher than 50%, except for apple pollen in 2018. Based on this study of fungal structure, this information can suggest the direction of the pollen quarantine process and contribute to fungal biology in pollen

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1991

Dissolution rate , periduium state, nutrient component and fatty acid composition of 5 species of natural pollen and 3 species of processed pollen were carried out for evaluation of quality. Natural pollens had average 11.5% of moistures, and had native peridium may be responsible for allergy. The average dissolution rate of natural pollens were low as 66.3%. One among 3 species of processed pollen was observed to have not peridium, resulted in higher dissolution rate. Major fatty acid of pollen was palmitic acid but content of oleic acid was lower than that of other plant seeds.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.423-433
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• 2014

In this study, the nutritional and storage quality of meatballs formulated with different levels (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0%) of bee pollen were investigated during storage at $41^{\circ}C$ for 9 d. Protein content of meatballs increased, while moisture content decreased with increased pollen. The addition of pollen improved cooking loss but decreased the redness (Hunter a value) and sensory scores. Textural parameters (hardness, springsness, gumminess, and chewiness) were affected by pollen addition and the hardness and gumminess values of meatballs decreased as the pollen content increased. While C18:0 content of meatballs slightly decreased with pollen addition, C18:2n-6c, C18:3n-3, C20:5n-3, and PUFA contents increased. The PUFA/saturated fatty acids (P/S) ratio increased from 0.05 in the control to 0.09 in meatballs with 6.0% pollen. The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased from 11.84 in the control to 3.65 in the meatballs with 6.0% pollen. The addition of pollen retarded the lipid oxidation and inhibited the bacterial growth in meatballs. The pH, redness, TBA value and total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria and S. aureus counts values changed significantly during storage. The results suggest that bee pollen could be added to enhance the nutritional and storage quality of meatballs with minimal changes in composition and/or sensory properties.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the nutritional composition including proximate, amino acid, vitamin, minerals, and the antioxidant activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) pollen grains collected by Apis mellifera bees, for use as a health food. The crude protein and fat content was estimated at 26.14% and 3.49%, respectively. Eighteen amino acids were identified in green tea pollen, including 8 essential amino acids and 10 non-essential amino acids. The predominant amino acids were glutamic acid, proline and aspartic acid accounting for about 33.3% of total free amino acids. The concentration of vitamin C was the highest value of 35.7%, followed by $B_3$ and $B_2$ among the detected vitamins. The predominant minerals were potassium (790.32 mg/100g), followed by phosphorus (707.52 mg/100g) and sulfur (302.67 mg/100g), whereas copper, zinc and sodium were detected as minor elements. The antioxidant activity and phenolic content accounted for 33.8% at $500{\mu}g/mL$ extract and $2.55 {\mu}g/mg$, respectively.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2017

To reconstruct the paleo-temperature quantitatively and to overcome limitation of traditional qualitative pollen analysis, this study was performed pollen analysis using the modern surface soil at Yulha-dong, Gimhae-si of southeastern part of Korean peninsula. Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) was done to identify the most important environment variable about composition of modern surface pollen sample. Also, Weighted Average-Partial Least Square(WA-PLS) was analyzed to obtain modern surface pollen-temperature transfer function. The transfer function was applied to the results of qualitative fossil pollen analysis at Yulha-dong, Gimhae-si, Sampyung-ri, Ulsan-si and Taewha-dong, Ulsan-si. Therefore, the paleo-temperature was reconstructed during the Holocene since 6,200 yr BP. According to the results of the research, it is $1{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ lower than the current average annual temperature at the study area in 6,200 yr BP, since then it increased to the same level to the current temperature and decreased again until 2,600 yr BP. From the 2,600 yr BP, the temperature was fluctuated to the present.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1985

화분립이 alcohol대사에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 아미노산을 분석하고, rat에 alcohol과 화분립을 각각 농도별로 투여하여 rat 간(肝) alcoholdehydrogenase (ADH)활성과 간(肝)조직 변화를 실험하였다. 1. 해바라기 화분립의 아미노산 조성을 분석하여 phenylalanine을 비롯한 18종의 아미노산을 정량하였으며, 필수 아미노산중 특히 phenylalanine, leucine, threonine, lysine의 함량이 많았다. 2. 실험동물의 간(肝) ADH활성은 alcohol 투여군이 alcohol농도에 비례하여 대조군 보다 현저히 저하하였으며, 화분립을 alcohol과 함께 투여함으로써, 대조군에는 미치지 않았지만 ADH활성이 증가하였고, alcohol의 농도가 낮을수록 그 증가율이 높았다. 3. 실험동물의 간(肝)조직은 alcohol투여군에서 지방침윤이 나타났으며, 화분립과 alcohol 복합투여군에서는 지방침윤이 현저히 적게 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.201-206
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• 1992

적송화분과 리기다송화분을 시료로 하여서 일반성분, 무기질, 중금속, 비타민 및 유리당을 비교 분석하였다. 적송화분은 당질 함량이 58.5%로 리기다송화분 51.8%보다 다소 높았고 그외에는 리기다송화분이 조회분 4.0%, 조단백질 15.0%, 조지방 2.5%, 조섬유 17.5% 등으로 적송화분의 조회분 2.8%, 조단백질 13.4%, 조지방 2.1%, 조섬유 14.7% 보다 높았다. 무기질의 함량은 적송화분과 리기다송화분 모두 Mg, Cl, Ca, Fe, Mn, Na, Zn등을 비교적 많이 함유하고 있었다. 독성중금속 Cd의 함량은 각각 0.3ppm였고, Pb 는 0.1 ppm, 0.2ppm, Cu는 0.3ppm, 0.7ppm, As는 0.01ppm, 0.03ppm으로 식품중의 허용기준치보다는 낮았다. 비타민 B$_1$, B$_2$, C의 함량은 적송화분 (vit. B$_1$1.2mg, vit. B$_2$1.0mg, vit. C 68.9mg)보다 리기다송화분의 함량 (vit. B$_1$, 1.6mg, vit. B$_2$1.7mg, vit. C 77.1mg)이 높았고, 비타민 E의 함량은 적송화분(1.6mg)이 리기다송화분(0.8mg) 보다 배가 높았다. 유리 당의 함량은 자당이 각각6.6%, 6.9%, 과당은 각각 0.2%, 포도당은 각각 2.1%, 2.9% 였다. 그 외의 유리당은 본 실험에서는 검출되지 않았다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.89-95
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• 1997

The comparative effects of gamma irradiation an ozone treatment on the microbiological and physicochemical qualities were investigated for the improvement of hygienic quality of aloe powder and bee pollen. Gamma irradiation at 7.5~10kGy could reduce total aerobic bacteria, molds and coliforms below detection levels, but ozone treatment up to 18 ppm for 8hr was not sufficient to eliminate the microorganisms from aloe powder and bee pollen. The physicochemical properties such as fatty acid an amino acid compositions, mineral content, TBA value, barbaloin and pigment contents were not significantly changed by gamma irradiation, whereas ozone treatment caused significant changes in fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation and destruction of barbaloin and natural pigments.