• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1967

In the present experiment the amino acid composition in the pollen of Pinus taeda and Pinus rigida and methbolic changes of the composition occurring in germinating pollen were examined by the method of paper chromatography. The results obtained in this study are as follows. 1. The mature pollen of Pinus taeda and Pinus rigida contained 12.00%, 13.19% crude protein respectively and sixteen protein-constituting amino acids and three unknowns were detected on the chromatogram. 2. Main components of the protein-constituting amino acids were leucines, valine, alanine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. 3. The free amino acids such as leucines, valine, tyrosine, alanine and glutamic acid increased evidently during germination of the pine pollen.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1992

The needles and pollen of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis were studied for their lipid contents and fatty acid composition. The total lipid contents in needles of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis were 5.0 and 4.5%, whereas in pollen of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis 3.5 and 5.6%, respectively. Twenty-four fatty acids ranged from lauric acid to docosahexaenoic acid(22:6${\omega}$3) were identified in the needle lipids. In needles, linolenic acid and palmitic acid were the major fatty acids. The needles of Pinus densiflora showed higher proportions of docosahexaenoic acid and 5-olefinic nonmethylene-interrupted polyenoic acids than those in the Pinus koraiensis. Twenty fatty acids ranged from myristic acid to lignoceric acid were identified in the pollen lipids. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in the pollen followed by oleic and palmitic acid. The fatty acid profile of pollen of Pinus densiflora was similar to those of the Pinus koraiensis pollen lipids.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.249-257
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• 2021

Plants pollination are conducted through various pollinators such as wind, animals, and insects. Recently, the necessity for artificial pollination is drawing attention as the proportion of natural pollinators involved is decreasing over the years. Likewise, the trade in pollen for artificial pollination is also increasing worldwide. Through these imported pollens, many unknown microorganisms can flow from foreign countries. Among them, spores of various fungi present in the particles of pollen can be dispersed throughout the orchard. Therefore, in this study, the composition of fungal communities in imported pollen was revealed, and potential ecological characteristics of the fungi were investigated in four types of imported pollen. Top 10 operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of fungi were ranked among the following groups: Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., and Didymella glomerata which belong to many pathogenic species. Through FUNGuild analysis, the proportion of OTUs, which is assumed to be potentially plant pathogens, was higher than 50%, except for apple pollen in 2018. Based on this study of fungal structure, this information can suggest the direction of the pollen quarantine process and contribute to fungal biology in pollen

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1991

Dissolution rate , periduium state, nutrient component and fatty acid composition of 5 species of natural pollen and 3 species of processed pollen were carried out for evaluation of quality. Natural pollens had average 11.5% of moistures, and had native peridium may be responsible for allergy. The average dissolution rate of natural pollens were low as 66.3%. One among 3 species of processed pollen was observed to have not peridium, resulted in higher dissolution rate. Major fatty acid of pollen was palmitic acid but content of oleic acid was lower than that of other plant seeds.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.423-433
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• 2014

In this study, the nutritional and storage quality of meatballs formulated with different levels (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0%) of bee pollen were investigated during storage at $41^{\circ}C$ for 9 d. Protein content of meatballs increased, while moisture content decreased with increased pollen. The addition of pollen improved cooking loss but decreased the redness (Hunter a value) and sensory scores. Textural parameters (hardness, springsness, gumminess, and chewiness) were affected by pollen addition and the hardness and gumminess values of meatballs decreased as the pollen content increased. While C18:0 content of meatballs slightly decreased with pollen addition, C18:2n-6c, C18:3n-3, C20:5n-3, and PUFA contents increased. The PUFA/saturated fatty acids (P/S) ratio increased from 0.05 in the control to 0.09 in meatballs with 6.0% pollen. The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased from 11.84 in the control to 3.65 in the meatballs with 6.0% pollen. The addition of pollen retarded the lipid oxidation and inhibited the bacterial growth in meatballs. The pH, redness, TBA value and total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria and S. aureus counts values changed significantly during storage. The results suggest that bee pollen could be added to enhance the nutritional and storage quality of meatballs with minimal changes in composition and/or sensory properties.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the nutritional composition including proximate, amino acid, vitamin, minerals, and the antioxidant activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) pollen grains collected by Apis mellifera bees, for use as a health food. The crude protein and fat content was estimated at 26.14% and 3.49%, respectively. Eighteen amino acids were identified in green tea pollen, including 8 essential amino acids and 10 non-essential amino acids. The predominant amino acids were glutamic acid, proline and aspartic acid accounting for about 33.3% of total free amino acids. The concentration of vitamin C was the highest value of 35.7%, followed by $B_3$ and $B_2$ among the detected vitamins. The predominant minerals were potassium (790.32 mg/100g), followed by phosphorus (707.52 mg/100g) and sulfur (302.67 mg/100g), whereas copper, zinc and sodium were detected as minor elements. The antioxidant activity and phenolic content accounted for 33.8% at $500{\mu}g/mL$ extract and $2.55 {\mu}g/mg$, respectively.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.13-25
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• 2017

To reconstruct the paleo-temperature quantitatively and to overcome limitation of traditional qualitative pollen analysis, this study was performed pollen analysis using the modern surface soil at Yulha-dong, Gimhae-si of southeastern part of Korean peninsula. Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) was done to identify the most important environment variable about composition of modern surface pollen sample. Also, Weighted Average-Partial Least Square(WA-PLS) was analyzed to obtain modern surface pollen-temperature transfer function. The transfer function was applied to the results of qualitative fossil pollen analysis at Yulha-dong, Gimhae-si, Sampyung-ri, Ulsan-si and Taewha-dong, Ulsan-si. Therefore, the paleo-temperature was reconstructed during the Holocene since 6,200 yr BP. According to the results of the research, it is $1{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ lower than the current average annual temperature at the study area in 6,200 yr BP, since then it increased to the same level to the current temperature and decreased again until 2,600 yr BP. From the 2,600 yr BP, the temperature was fluctuated to the present.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1985

For the purpose of investigating the influence of pollen load un alcohol metabolism in rat, we analyzed quantitatively amino acids of pollen load, and investigated the changes of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) activity and hepatocyte morphology in rat administrated various concentrations of alcohol and various amounts of pollen load. 18 species of amino acids including phenylalanine in the sunflower pollen load were quantitatively analyzed, and it was found that the amount of phenylalanine, leucine, threonine, lysine are especially higher than that of the other amino acids. The liver ADH activity of experimental animals decreased with the proportion of ethanol concentration much more in ethanol administrated group than in control group, while increased in pollen load mixed with ethanol administrated group, but didn't increased as much as that in control group. In any case the less the degree of ethanol concentration was administrated, the higher the liver ADH activity increased. There was fat infiltration in the hepatocyte of ethanol administrated animals, and remarkably little fat infiltration in that of animals administrated pollen load mixed with ethanol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 1992

Pinus pollen is used as the chief ingredient for Song-wha-dashik (Korea's traditional pattern-pressed candy). It has been the food stuff indispensable especially on the occasion of performing ancestral rites and holding a banquet since Shilla and Koryo Dynasty. In this paper, therefore, a new examination is made of the nutritive ingredients of the very Pinus pollen. Analysis has been made of the proximate composition, minerals, heavy metals, vitamins and free sugars of the Pollen of both Pinus densinora Siebol et Zuccarini and Pinus rigida Miller. In the proximate composition, Pinus rigida Miller is high except in free sugar ; crude ash (4.0%), crude protein (15.0%), crude fat (2.5%), crude fiber (17.5%). A lot of minerals have been found in both the samples. They contain Mg, Cl, Ca, Fe, Mn, Na, Zn, etc. In heavy metals, both the samples contain the same quantity of Cd(0.3 ppm) and the contents of Pb, Cu, and As are lower than the maximal limit permitted for food stuff. The contents of vitamin B$_1$, B$_2$, vitamin C are a little higher in Pinus rigida Miller : in vitamin E, on the contrary, Pinus densiflora Siebol et Zucarini (1.6 mg) doubles Pinus rigida Miller (0.8 mg). In free sugars, the results is as follows : 6.6%/6.9% in sucrose : 0.2% in fructose : 2.1% /2.9% in glucose respectively.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 1997

The comparative effects of gamma irradiation an ozone treatment on the microbiological and physicochemical qualities were investigated for the improvement of hygienic quality of aloe powder and bee pollen. Gamma irradiation at 7.5~10kGy could reduce total aerobic bacteria, molds and coliforms below detection levels, but ozone treatment up to 18 ppm for 8hr was not sufficient to eliminate the microorganisms from aloe powder and bee pollen. The physicochemical properties such as fatty acid an amino acid compositions, mineral content, TBA value, barbaloin and pigment contents were not significantly changed by gamma irradiation, whereas ozone treatment caused significant changes in fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation and destruction of barbaloin and natural pigments.