• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.243-247
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• 2002

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of induced molting on the relative weight and hormone levels of thyroid, ovary, and adrenal glands in spent laying hens. Three hundred sixty 77-wk-old, Babcock White hens were divided into 36 experimental units of 10 hens each and induced to molt for seven weeks. A diet containing 16% CP and 2,800 kcal ME/kg was fed ad libitum from 84 to 126 weeks of age. Thirty-six birds were randomly selected for blood collection and slaughtered at Pre-molt, 5% egg Production, Peak, and end Phase of the egg Production. Weights of the thyroid, ovary, adrenal glands, and plasma T3, T4, cortisol, and estradiol contents were measured at each stage. Weight of the thyroid reached its highest level at 5% e99 Production stage. The ovary weight was greatly reduced during molting, but started to increase after induced molting until the end of the egg Production Phase (P<0.05). Plasma T3,T4 and cortisol were found to be the highest at the start of the Post-molt Production stage, but reached their minimum at the end Phase of e99 Production. Plasma estradiol was the lowest at the 5% egg Production stage. The Present study demonstrated that molting is a complex Process that require the involvement of endocrine glands to trigger their specific hormones, which play a key role in molt induction.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 2001

Plasma levels of sex steroid hormones in rockfish, Sebastes inermis were examined monthly in relation to gonadosomatic index (GSI) under a controlled water temperature and photoperiod, The GSI of a control group (C) in female began to increase from November and reached a maximum in January, Sample fish under a controlled water temperature and photoperiod (Tr) were divided into a responded group (Tr-r) and a un-responded group (Tr-n) by the gonadal maturation condition and GSI. The GSI of females in Tr-r reached a maximum in March. But the female GSI in Tr-n kept lower than 1.2 during the experimental period. No differences in male GSI were noticed between C and Tr. The $estradiol-17\beta$ and testosterone levels of female plasma in Tr reached a maximum in October, later than those in C. In males, these was no difference in 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone between C and Tr. When rockfish was reared in September under the controlled water temperature and photoperiod which were equivalent to those in July, that is two months earlier, the maturation of females was delayed in comparison with C. This finding suggested that delayed maturation in ovary was caused by the secretion of sex steroid hormones in relation to the water temperature and photoperiod of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2001

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the administration of exogenous PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ on hormone concentrations and follicular development in early postpartum(pp) Korean native goats. 1. Plasma PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treated goals showed a gradual increase from a low on day 2 (GR-1 : 10 day-treatment group: 6.35$\pm$0.5 and GR-2; 4 day-treatment group: 0.22$\pm$0.2 pg/$m\ell$, respectively) to reach a peak of 21.18$\pm$1.6 or 4.21 $\pm$0.4 pg/$m\ell$ on day 4 after treatment of PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$. 2. Plasma PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations in GR-1 goats averaged 9.08 $\pm$1.2 pg/$m\ell$ compared with 5.44$\pm$ 1.8 pg/$m\ell$ in GR-2 goats the day before treatment of PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$. Mean PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations thereafter remained low during the treatment period but PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations did not differ between the two group. 3. Plasma concentrations of estradiol-17 $\beta$ (E,) in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ - treated group were decreased gradually until 2 days after PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treatment but mean $E_2$ concentrations began to increase on 3 days and were Inaximal on the 4 days after treatment. 4. Plasma lulenizing hormone (LH) concentrations in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ - treated goats were slightly higher than in controls but mean LH concentrations did not differ between the two treatment groups. 5. Plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations were suppressed in both GR-1(10 day-treatment group) and GR-2(4 day-treatment group) goats compared to saline controls but mean PRL concentrations remained lower in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treated animals during post-treatment period. 6. The mean number of small and medium follicles present when PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ was administrated was similar in all does but the increase in number of large follicles($\geq$4mm) tended to be higher in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treated group than controls. These results suggest that concentrations of PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ and estradiol-17$\beta$ were positively correlared with follicular diameter. We conclude that PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treatment stimulates follicular development similarly in both GR-1 and GR-2 group.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.97-109
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• 2008

Objectives : Effects of Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) on intellectual development and learning ability were investigated growth and intellectual impairment rat with insufficient nutrition diet. Methods : We divided male Sprague-Dawley rats into 4 groups(A, B, C, D). They were normal group(A), growth deficiency rat with insufficient nutrition diet group(B), growth deficiency rat with 0.1% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group(C) and growth deficiency rat with 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group(D). They were administered for 5 weeks. We measured body weight, serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone, RBC, concentration of Hb and PCV ratio, total WBC and its composition, the values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activities and morris water maze test in escape distance, escape time and escape speed. Results : 1. Body weight showed a tendency to increase in the Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups and 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group showed significantly different than control groups. 2. Serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone showed a tendency to increase in Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups, however these values showed no significantly different. 3. About the counts of RBC, 0.1% and 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups showed significantly different than control groups. Concentration of Hb was higher than control group in Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups. And 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group showed significantly different than control groups in PCV ratio. 4. The counts of total WBC and its composition showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. 5. The values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activities showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. 6. In the morris water maze test, in escape distance and escape speed, Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups showed no significantly different than control group. But Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups showed the increasing tendency. Conclusions : So Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) have an effect of promoting growth of rats and might be effect to treat various kinds of growth delay in children.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.261-266
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• 2008

In the present study, we investigated in vivo effects of Manchurian trout recombinant gonadotrophin hormone (mt-rGTH) on the induction of maturation in female eel, Anguilla japonica. The brood stock, female eel (450$\pm$50 g) were weekly injected intramuscularly with different doses of 0.1, 1, 10 ${\mu}g\m{\ell}$/fish (mt-rFSH or mt-rLH) for 10 week. The effects of r-mtGTH were analyzed by gonadosomatic index (GSI), ovarian follicle diameter and sex steroid levels. All groups did not exhibit significant differences in the GSI values. Whereas plasma testosterone (T) and estradiol-17$\beta$ (E2) levels did not change significantly in control group, plasma levels of T and E2 by injection of the r-mtFSH or r-mtLH were increased at 2 or 4 week after injection. In addition, injection of the mt-rFSH (1, 10 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$/fish) or mt-rLH (0.1, 1, 10 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$/fish) significantly increased follicle diameters comparing to the control group. These results demonstrate that the recombinant hormone may affect early ovary development and maturation in female eel. Taken together, these results suggest that the recombinant Manchurian trout FSH and LH are effective for reproductive activities in female eel.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2016

As a one of unsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have multiple actions: as precursor of prostaglandins (PGs), steroid hormone synthesis and energy production in animal reproduction. PUFAs, which include omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), are derived from the diet and changed by diet, species, breed and season. The plasma membrane of spermatozoa in mammals contain various PUFAs. These composition of PUFAs regulate the membrane fluidity and cause lipid peroxidation via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Induced lipid peroxidation by ROS decreased viability and motility of spermatozoa, and it is reduced by addition of antioxidant and low concentration of PUFAs. Because oocytes of animal have a high lipid components, process of oocyte maturation and embryo development are influenced by PUFAs. In in vitro study, oocyte maturation, embryo development, intracellular cAMP and MAPK activity were increased by treatment of n-3 ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (ALA) during maturation, whereas n-6 linoleic acid (LA) negatively influenced. Also, inhibition of fatty acid metabolism in oocyte influenced blastocyst formation of cattle. PGs are synthesized from PUFAs and various PUFAs influence PGs via regulation of PG-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS). Steroid hormone synthesis from cholesterol is regulated by expression of steroid acute regulator (StAR) protein and mRNA. Exogenous n-3 and n-6 PUFAs altered sex hormone in animal through stimulate or inhibit StAR activity. Because PUFAs altered PG and steroid hormone synthesis, follicular development was influenced by PUFAs. This effect of unsaturated fatty acid could provide information for improvement of reproductive ability in animals.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 2007

Many diseases occur by stress or effect of stress. The basis for using hormones in research of stress is the observation that most systems in the body show changes during stress and that hormonal markers in these changes are related with stress. Conceptually, the central role of sympathetic nervous system(SNS) and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis activity in stress provides copious justification for measuring hormonal changes. Catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine, cortisol, testosterone and growth hormone and so on show sensitive reaction to stress. The major advantage of salivary sample to stress research is that its sampling technique can be performed in non-stressful conditions and without physical restraint and ethical problems. Because hormone levels in saliva is a good reflection of hormone levels in plasma, application of stress hormones in saliva is very useful for research of orofacial pain related with stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.366-371
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• 2010

Twelve Suffolk${\times}$Small-tail-Han male sheep (body weight 21-26 kg), aged four months, were used to study the effects of volatile fatty acids (VFA) on IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-I), IGFBP-3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3), GH (growth hormone), insulin and glucagon in plasma, and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in different tissues. The sheep were randomly divided into four groups with 3 sheep in each group. The sheep were sustained by total intragastric infusions and four levels of mixed VFA (the molar proportion of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid was 65:25:10), which supplied 333, 378, 423 and 468 KJ energy/kg $W^{0.75}$/d, were infused into the rumen as experimental Treatments I, II, III and IV, respectively. The experiment lasted 12 days, of which the first 8 days were for pretreatment and the last 4 days for collection of samples. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken and then the sheep were slaughtered and tissue samples from the rumen ventral sac, rumen dorsal sac, liver, duodenum and Longissimus dorsi muscle were obtained. IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin and glucagon in plasma and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in different tissues were analysed. Results showed that the concentration of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin or glucagon in plasma and the content of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in the rumen dorsal sac, rumen ventral sac, liver or Longissimus dorsi muscle were increased with VFA infusion level (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in duodenum IGF-I between Treatments I and II and in rumen dorsal sac IGFBP-3 between Treatments II and III (p>0.05). It was concluded that IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin and glucagon in plasma and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in rumen dorsal sac, rumen ventral sac, liver and Longissimus dorsi muscle were increased significantly with increasing level of ruminal infusion of mixed VFA.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.356-365
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• 1991

$L-Triiodothyronine(T_3)$ binding to purified plasma membrane and to isolated nuclei from the same liver in obese(ob/ob) mice and their lean littermates was examined. The maximal binding capacity(Bmax) for $T_3$ receptor of liver nuclei, as compared to lean control, was significantly lower in the obese mouse$(obese 527{\pm}80fmol/mg\;DNA ; lean 883{\pm}62fmol/mg\;DNA)$, without an apparent difference in dissociation constant(Kd). The finding that obese mice have fewer liver nuclear $T_3$ receptors confirms previous reports. The Bmax and Kd of liver plasma membrane $T_3$ receptor were not significantly different between obese and lean mouse, which suggests no defect to be occurring in the function of the plasma membrane $T_3$ receptor and reinforces the view that the peripherally impaired thyroid hormone action in obese mice is a post plasma membrane receptor event. These results further support the hypothesis that the major defect of the thyroid hormone metabolism in genetic obesity occurs at the level of the nuclear receptor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1193-1198
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• 2003

An increase in frequency of administration of exogenous growth hormone (GH) or GH-releasing hormone was reported to be a model to increase blood circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and to improve growth performance in animals. We have investigated the effect of twice daily administration of GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) on growth performance, GH responsiveness and plasma insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 in swine. We administered to eight swine, 3 control and 5 treatment, a twice daily s.c. injections of GHRP-2 ($30{\mu}g/kg\;BW$) for a period of 10 days. Every day blood samples immediately taken before injections of GHRP-2 or saline, at 08:00 h and 16:00 h, were measured for IGF-1 concentrations. Blood samples for GH assay were collected every 20 min on days 1, 6 and 10, from 1 hour before and 3 h after GHRP-2 or saline injections at 08:00 h. GH peak concentrations and GH area under curve (GH AUC) on day 1, 6 and 10 in treatment group of swine were higher than those in control swine (p<0.05). Twice daily administration of GHRP-2 caused a significantly attenuation (p<0.05) of GH peak concentrations ($80.25{\pm}13.87$, $39.73{\pm}5.72$ and $27.57{\pm}6.06ng/ml$ for day 1, 6 and 10, respectively) and GH AUCs ($3,536.15{\pm}738.35$, $1,310.31{\pm}203.55$ and $934.37{\pm}208.99ng/ml$ for day 1, 6 and 10, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in GH peak concentration and GH AUC between day 6 and 10. Plasma IGF-1 concentration levels were higher in treatment than control group of swine (p<0.05) after 3 days of the treatment, and the levels reached a plateau from day 3 to 10 of experiment. Growth performance did not alter by GHRP-2 administration, even though a numerical increase of body weight gain and feed efficiency was observed. These results indicate that twice daily administration of GHRP-2 for 10 days in swine did not significantly influence on growth performance, caused an overall attenuation of GH response, and that elevation of plasma GH concentrations caused by GHRP-2 administration increased plasma IGF-1 concentrations, even though an attenuation of GH response was observed.