• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.70-74
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• 2015

An LED plant factory farm is an alternative way to grow crops regardless of weather, season, and blight in such times of climate change. In recent years, it is a currently active and vibrant research field. The industry, which ranges from leaf vegetables to high value products, is expanding. This study was conducted to test tthe response of LED (Light-emitting diode) irradiation on the growth characteristics and ginsenoside levels indoors, in order to find out suitable light conditions. Ginseng seedling was transplanted from a styrofoam pot ($L{\times}W{\times}D$:$495{\times}315{\times}215mm$, inside diameter) into a closed plant production system in four blue LED (BL) and red LED (RL) different ratios of 1:1, 1;2, 1:3, 1:4 in a temperature range of $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$, relative humidity of between 55 and 65%, and a 12-hour photoperiod. The LED irradiation shows the highest levels were found at 1:1 of BL and RL ratio at $61.21{\mu}mol\;s^{-l}m^{-2}$, 1:2 ratio $68.55{\mu}mol\;s^{-l}m^{-2}$, 1:3 ratio $63.85{\mu}mol\;s^{-l}m^{-2}$ and 1:4 ratio $62.41{\mu}mol\;s^{-l}m^{-2}$ from highest to lowest respectively. After analyzing from shoot and root 2 yers old ginseng plant which were cultivated under 1:3 irradiation of BL and RL ratio, it generally showed a positive effect under a 1:3 ratio of BL and RL.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.267-272
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• 2012

Overcoming harsh light environment, as well as increased growth of crops even in high-quality production can play an important role when using the LED light system of photosynthetic products will be able to effectively reduce consumption. In this study, low efficiency of farm greenhouses, growing annual reduction in income due to rising operating costs and increase crop growth by inducing the proper planting environment Factory-type raise farmers' income and at the same time will contribute to the increase of Light device using LED Supplemental through photosynthesis, promote and improve product quality, plant growth regulators are considered possible for them to develop more efficient LED devices and LED Optical processing devices of Light leaf lettuce grown using normal fluorescent or incandescent bulbs grown in the results than the growth can see that the speed improvements. Usually shipped from seedling to harvest leaf lettuce from 25 to 30, whereas optical processing device be required red light (wavelength: 645nm) using a leaf of lettuce grown enough to be harvested after seven days increased the rate of growth. In addition, red light (wavelength: 645nm) and blue light (wavelength: 470nm) emitting at the same time, room, and grown for 5 days to harvest the growth rate was fast enough.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.174-179
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• 2007

Seedlot disinfection techniques to control mung bean sprout rot caused by Colletoricum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides were evaluated for commercial production scheme. Soaking seedlots in propolis (100 X) and ethanol (20% for 30 min) appeared promising with control values of 85.5 and 80.8 respectively, but still resulted in up to 20% rot incidence. None of the C. acutatum conidia survived through hot water immersion treatment (HWT) for 10 min at temperatures of 55, 60 and $65^{\circ}C$, whereas the effective range of the dry heat treatment (DHT) was $60-65^{\circ}C$. Tolerance of mung bean seedlot, as estimated by hypocotyl elongation and root growth, was lower for HWT than for DHT. Germination and growth of sprouts were excellent over the range of $55-65^{\circ}C\;at\;5^{\circ}C$ intervals, except for HWT at $65^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. At this marginal condition, heat damage appeared so that approximately 2% of seeds failed to sprout to normal germling and retarded sprouts were less than 5% with coarse wrinkled hypocotyls. These results suggested that DHT would be more feasible to disinfect mung bean seedlots for commercial sprout production. Heat treatment at above ranges was highly effective in eliminating the epiphytic bacterial strains associated with marketed sprout rot samples. HWT of seedlot at 55 and $60^{\circ}C$ for 5 min resulted in successful control of mung bean sprout rot incidence with marketable sprout quality. DHT at 60 and $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min also gave good results through the small-scale sprouting system. Therefore, we optimized DHT scheme at 60 and $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, considering the practical value of seedlot disinfection with high precision and accuracy. This was further proved to be a feasible and reliable method against anthracnose incidence and those bacterial strains associated with marketed sprout rot samples as well, through factory scale mung bean sprout production system.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2010

A pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant combined with rotating biological contactor and tapered aeration reactors was operated with the wastewater discharged from a food factory for 5 months. The bacterial communities of this plant were investigated by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes. In spite of high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as organic carbon, removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus was 98%, 93%, and 95%, respectively. Bacterial community at the initial operation stage was clearly distinguished from that of the stable operation stage. The most predominant phylum in the sample of stable stage was Bacteroidetes. Major population of operation period was Haliscomenobacter, Sphaerotilus, and candidate division TM7, which were classified as filamentous bacteria. However, sludge bulking caused by these bacteria was not observed. The population that has a close relationship with Haliscomenobacter increased during the stable operation stage, emerging as the most predominant group. These results suggest that the filamentous bacteria participated in nutrient removal when using rotating biological contactor and tapered aeration reactor.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of cultural systems on growth, vitamin C, amino acid content, and yield of Peucedanum japonicum grown in artificial light plant factory. Treatments were given with Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), Medium (Perlite), and Aeroponics. Plant height was the highest in NFT system as 10.2cm, and was the shortest in Perlite as 8.9cm. Fresh leaf weight was the high in order of Perlite, NFT, and Aeroponics. Total phenolic compounds was different from cultural systems in order of Aeroponics as $117.84mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}\;GE$, NFT as $98.57mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}\;GE$ and Perlite as $74.62mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}\;GE$. Total flavonoid content of Aeroponics is $0.12mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ but that of NFT and Perlite treatments is not detected. Vitamin C content in Aeroponics as $108.23mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ was significant different from Perlite as $88.05mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ as and NFT $80.83mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$. Total dietary fiber content was higher Aeroponics than Perlite and NFT. Cystein content was the highest in Aeroponics as $46.76mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ and methione content was the lowest in Perlite as $75.64mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$. Mineral content of leaves was high in order of K, Ca, P and Mg in all treatments.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.180-187
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• 2022

In order to select suitable light in a plant factory, electric energy use efficiency and light use efficiency should be considered simultaneously to consider operating costs as well as quantitative and functional aspects. The growth characteristics, electric energy use efficiency, light use efficiency by light intensity, LED ratio, and photoperiod conditions were compared together. Light intensity is 60, 130, 230, and 320 µmol·m^-2·s^-1 treatments, and light quality is the mixing ratio of red light and blue light 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, and 2:8 treatments. Photoperiod is 9, 12, 15, and 18 hours treatments based on the daytime. In the light intensity experiment, the growth rate increased as the light intensity increased, but there was no significant difference in the light use efficiency. When comparing the leaf fresh weight per power consumption, only the 320 µmol·m^-2·s^-1 treatment group showed significantly low efficiency, and there was no significant difference in the other treatments, so 230 µmol·m^-2·s^-1, which produced the most, was the most efficient. In the light quality experiment, the ratio of red light and blue light was measured to be high at the same time as the growth rate and light use efficiency in RB 8:2, and there was no significant difference in color difference and flavonoids content, so a Red:Blue ratio of 8:2 was the most suitable condition. In the photoperiod experiment, the longer the photoperiod, the higher the growth rate. However, there was no significant difference in the growth rate over 12 hours of daytime, so 12 hours considering the light consumption efficiency was a suitable condition. Based on the above results, LED light environmental conditions for perilla growth in plant factories were light intensity, light quality, and day length of 230 µmol·m^-2·s^-1 or more, 8:2, and 12 hours or more, respectively.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.768-776
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• 2010

This study was conducted to predict number and fresh weight of leaves, and total leaf area of a single-stemmed rose 'Vital' based on the accumulated thermal units, and to develop a model of shoot development for the prediction of the time when the flowering shoot reaches a phenological stage in a plant factory system. The base temperature ($T_b$), optimum temperature ($T_{opt}$), and maximum temperature ($T_{max}$) were estimated by regressing the rate of shoot development against the temperature gradient. The rate of shoot development ($R$, $d^{-1}$) for the phase from cutting to bud break (CT-BB) was best described by a linear model $R_b$ ($d^{-1}$) = -0.0089 + $0.0016{\cdot}temp$. The rate of shoot development for the phase from bud break to harvest (BB-HV) was fitted to the parabolic model $R_h$ ($d^{-1}$) = $-0.0001{\cdot}temp^2$ + $0.0054{\cdot}temp$ - 0.0484. The $T_b$, $T_{opt}$, and $T_{max}$ values were 5.56, 27.0, and $42.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. The $T_b$ value was used in the thermal unit computations for the shoot development. Number of leaves, leaf area (LA), and leaf fresh weight showed sigmoidal curves regardless of the cut time. The shoot development and leaf area model was described as a sigmoidal function using thermal units. Leaf area was described as LA = 578.7 $[1+(thermal units/956.1)^{-8.54}]^{-1}$. Estimated and observed shoot length and leaf fresh weight showed a reasonably good fit with 1.060 ($R^2=0.976^{***}$) and 1.043 ($R^2=0.955^{***}$), respectively. The average thermal units required from cutting to transplant and from transplant to harvest stages were $426{\pm}42^{\circ}C{\cdot}d$ and $783{\pm}24^{\circ}C{\cdot}d$, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2020

This study was conducted to the improvement of solar light-based artificial light supply system and effect of lettuce cultivation. The artificial light supply system was consisted of units such as light source, power, system measurement and controller. The light source supply was composed of a solar transmitter and an LED lamp. The power supply consisted of an leakage breaker, SMPS, LED controller and relay. The solar transmitter was made of a quartz optical fiber with optimal light transmission. Artificial light used white lamp among LEDs. System measurement and control consisted of touch screen, Zigbee communication module and light quantity sensor. The results of test confirmed that the LED light is automatically activated when the intensity measured by the light intensity sensor is 200 μmolm^-2s^-1 or less. Moreover, the leaf length, root length, chlorophyll content and root fresh weight of optical fiber treatment was hight than LED lamp treatment. Therefore, it can be inferred that the energy-saving solar light collector device can be effective in the indoor lettuce production. However, the use of LED lamp is also recommended to assure the availability of sufficient sunlight in cloudy and rainy days.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1998

Air current speeds were controlled of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 m.s$^{-1}$ to investigate the effects of air current speeds on the growth of eggplant plug seedlings (Solanum melongena L.) in a wind tunnel under artificial lighting. Growth of plug seedlings was influenced by the magnitude of air current speed and the traveling distance of regulated air flow. Stem length. ratio of length to diameter in stem, plant height .and number of leaves of plug seedlings decreased with the increasing air current speed and were significantly different at 5% level. Net photosynthetic rates of plug stand increased with the increasing air current speed and took a maximum value at the air current speed of 0.7~09 m.s$^{-1}$ . Stem diameter decreased and leaf area increased with the traveling distance of regulated air flow. Fresh weight and T/R ratio of dried weight were not influenced by the air current speed. Optimum control for microclimates inside the plug stand is needed to produce the uniform growth and high quality of plug seedlings in a semi-closed plant Production system under artificial lighting.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.330-339
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• 2014

Growth and anthocyanins of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., 'Mid-season') grown under LED lamps with blue light in the range of 430-470 nm or with red light in the range of 630-670 nm were analyzed in this study. Cool-white fluorescent light was used a s the control. P hotosynthetic photon flux, p hotoperiod, air temperature, relative humidity, and $CO_2$ concentration in a closed plant production system were $201{\pm}2\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, 16/8 hours (day/night), $22/18^{\circ}C$, 70%, and $400{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$, respectively. At 21 days after light quality treatment, growth characteristics and anthocyanins content of lettuce as affected by the peak wavelength of blue or red LED were significantly different. Among peak wavelengths treated in this stusy, R1 treatment (peak wavelength 634 nm) and R6 treatment (peak wavelength 659 nm) were effective for increasing leaf width, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, and photosynthetic rate of lettuce. B5 treatment (peak wavelength 450 nm) and B4 treatment (peak wavelength 446 nm) increased the anthocyanins concentration and chlorophyll content in lettuce leaves, respectively. Anthocyanins in lettuce leaves increased linearly with decreasing hue value of leaf color and with increasing SPAD value of lettuce leaves. From these results, it was concluded that the red LED with peak wavelengths of 634 nm and 659 nm and the blue LED with peak wavelengths of 450 nm can be used as potential light spectra for increasing the yield and anthocyanins accumulation of leafy vegetable.