• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.102-110
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• 2009

This study examined the halophyte community and soil analysis according to habitat in representative 18 salt marshes of southern and western coasts of Korea from July 2006 to April 2008 and suggested basic materials for vegetational restoration of these aras. First, the survey area was classified into coastal and estuarine marshes. Then, the coastal marshes were classified into clay marsh, sand gravel marsh, and sand marsh, and the esturarine marshes, into salt swamp and estuary marsh. Major plant communities according to habitat pattern were Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia, and Suaeda japonica community in the clay marsh; Phragmites communis, Zoysia sinica, Carex scabrifolia, Salicornia herbacea, Artemisia fukudo, Suaeda martima community in the sand gravel marsh; Elymus mollis, Carex kobomugi, and Vitex rotundifolia community in the sand mars; Phragmites communis, Zoysia sinica, Suaeda martima, and Carex scabrifolia community in the salt swamp, and Suaeda japonica, Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia, and Suaeda asparagoides community in the estuary marsh. The soil environment of halophyte community area showed a difference to soil and halophyte community according to habitat characteristics of halophyte. Thus, to restore salt mashes in the coast area, it is advantageous for the stable settlement, germination, and growth of halophyte to grasp physical and physicochemical characteristics of habitat soil in the salt marshes, to select halophyte suitable to these habitat conditions, and to expand gradually in the natural vegetation area after transplantation.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.220-227
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of emulsion processing with various homogenization treatments on the physical properties of nanoparticles. For the manufacturing of nanoparticles, by taking the emulsion-diffusion method, various coating materials, such as gum arabic, hydroxyethyl starch, polycarprolactone, paraffin wax, ${\kappa}$-carrageenan and emulsifiers like Tween$^{(R)}$60, Tween$^{(R)}$80, monoglyceride and Pluronic$^{(R)}$F68, were added into the emulsion system. Furthermore, the various speeds (7,000 rpm to 10,000 rpm), and times (15 s to 60 s) of homogenization were treated during the emulsion- diffusion process. NEO II homomixer was the most effective homogenizer for making nanoparticles as 51 nm ($D_{10}$) and 26 nm ($D_{50}$). To manufacture smaller nanoparticles, by using NEO II homomixer, 10,000 rpm of agitation speed, polycaprolactone as coating material, and Pluronic$^{(R)}$F68 as an emulsifier were the optimum operating conditions and components. For the stability of nanoparticles for 7 days, $20^{\circ}C$ of storage temperature was appropriate to maintain the particle size. From these results, the type of homogenizer, homogenization speed, homogenization time and storage temperature could affect the particle size. Moreover, type of coating materials and emulsifier also influenced the size and stability of the nanoparticles.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.664-668
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• 2001

The physical and chemical stabilities of carthamin of red pigment from safflower petals were investigated at various conditions of pHs, temperatures, inorganic ions, sugars, light and polysaccharides. The half-life values at pH 3.0, 5.0, 9.0 and 11.0 were 5.3, 5.0, 11.0 and 45.0 h, respectively, at $25^{\circ}C$. Therefore, carthamin is unstable at acidic condition. Carthamin was red, orange and yellow at acidic, neutral and alkaline solutions, respectively. At pH 3.0, carthamin was thermally unstable and the half lives were 3.62, 9.05 and 48.2min at $90^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. Among various inorganic ions, $Al^{3+}$ stabilized carthamin at acidic condition. At pH 5.0, carboxymethylcellulose prolonged the half-lives of carthamin at $25{\sim}90^{\circ}C$. Carthamin was very sensitive to light (20,000 lux) and the half-life was 2.32 min at pH 3.0.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2011

A urban regeneration project of Korea has been promoted highly attaching to physical reforms, but without fulfilling the basic goal of reactivating city functions through concerning overall areas. Moreover, the general rule and its system of urban regeneration project which would provide roles of public and civilians as well as facilitate cooperative urban regeneration, are currently missing. Thus, social stratum continuously requests a framework act for urban regeneration project called Control Tower, to be a guide to the evidently right path to step up. The research analyzes the current status and problems of urban regeneration projects in Korea to examine the necessity of Control Tower, and to bring up the way to move on for its efficiency presented below: First, the law should be declarative; possess general, prospective influences on laws and systems related to urban regeneration. Second, the nonbinding guideline on a urban regeneration project should be suggested to reflect the conditions by the regions. Last, propulsions should be framed such as administrative principles of strengthening publicity and connection of urban regeneration projects, a committee and fund to promote the former, and a research for problem solution.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.283-287
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• 1996

As a part of studies on the quality control for drying methods in Lycii Fructus. Dried Lycii Fructus were obtained from several treatments to examine the control of the extracts and its physical properties, and also to analyze the inorganic elements and proximate compositions. The results were summerized as follows; the changes of solid matter contents dried at $50^{\circ}C\;for\;4\;hrs\;and\;60^{\circ}C$ for 28 hrs were highest. The changes of Hunter values were 66 in lightness, 5.0 in redness and 51.3 in yellowness, respectively in treatment No. 1. And also the viscosity of treatment No. 1. was some high compared to the other treatment. The desirable drying temperature were at $50^{\circ}C$ for 2hrs in initial and at $60^{\circ}C$ for 24hrs in final temperature and it was the best conditions as a quality, economics and chemical compositions of Lycii Fructus.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.460-469
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• 2020

Recently, the Supreme Court pointed out that it would be difficult to maintain the existing opinion any more because the overall conditions that were the basis of the past empirical rule were remarkably changed when estimating the lost earnings of a deceased minor. Thus, the court sentenced en banc decision to extend the maximum working age of manual laborers under the empirical rule to 65 years old. The significance of this ruling is to put an end to social confusion caused by courts' different sentences on the maximum working age under the empirical rule depending on lower court decision, and also to acknowledge the maximum working age of physical laborers by applying the new empirical rule in accordance with entering the aged society. It is still unfortunate to conclude the maximum working age as a specific age and also to estimate the lost earnings of a victim by applying the daily wages of urban laborers. Like this, this study aimed to provide the basic data for guaranteeing a proper compensation for damage to victims by analyzing the issues of rulings related to the maximum working age of manual laborers under the empirical rule, and then complementing imperfections in Korean society that has entered the aged society.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2001

Summarized results of this study that examined the characteristics of farm household in suburban areas classified by the fanning types are as follows. When it was looked into with the side of farm household and his family, the type of the farm household in suburban areas are related to the quality of fanning labor rather than the quantity of it. Regardless of the type of the farm household, it depends upon the family labor (usually men and wives). And the age of farm manager is an important part in the quality of fanning labor. The size of the farm household is related to the individual fanning labor. The size of self-sufficient crops(mainly rice) farm household will be small as the farmer gets to be old. But the size of commercial crops farm household has less tendency to change in terms with the age of farm manager. The fanning commercialism takes an important part in the maintenance and development of suburban agricultural areas. But, in fact, there is a shortage of farming labor. So the physical condition of farmland is the most important part in agricultural durability. After this study, we can conclude that we won't have enough chance to solve the problem of family member separation and shortage of fanning labor even though it is in the suburban area or in the profitable farm until we give them more enough chance to get a job(except fanning) and the better education infrastructure. To make matters worse, the aggravation of farm house-hold's economy due to unstable price of farming products' threatens the agricultural durability. Consequently, in order to get a development of agriculture and rural community, a qualitative change with improvement of agricultural conditions and of products distribution system is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.634-646
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• 2016

In this work, modified epoxy resins which were well melted in mild solvent were synthesized and solubility assessment was carried out for synthesized epoxy resins. Bisphenol-A type, phenol novolac type and ortho-cresol novolac type epoxy resins were used and fatty acid, dodecyl phenol (DP) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) were added for synthesis of modified epoxy resins containing fatty acid (MEFA). Composition was epoxy resin/fatty acid = 1.0/0.5 and fatty acid/DP = 0.25/0.25 by equivalent weight and twelve MEFAs were synthesized according to epoxy resins. Viscosity and solubility were measured for twelve MEFAs. As a result, solubility of MEFA was excellent for mild solvent according to increasement of contents of benzene ring, glycidyl group and carbon number of alkyl group. And physical properties were measured for each coating of paints after preparing transparent paints of MEFA to melt well in mild solvent among twelve MEFAs. As a result, they showed an optimal performance on conditions of equivalent ratio of bisphenol-A type epoxy resin/fatty acid/DP/TDI; 1.0/0.25/0.25/0.5 and equivalent ratio of phenol novolac type epoxy resin/fatty acid/DP; 1.0/0.25/0.25 for drying time, adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and alkali resistance.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.856-861
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• 2002

Surface-modified powders were produced by hybridization system using core freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121) and enteric coating materials. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria changed to smooth round shape during surface reforming process, although no significant physical damages affecting the activity of the lactic acid bacteria were observed based on viability and salt-tolerance tests. Signigicant difference was not found in acid tolerance test probably due to the inherent acid tolerance of L. acidophilus ATCC 43121. Significantly improved heat tolerance was obtained by surface modification process. Among the tested coating materials, Sureteric showed a higher surface- reforming ability than Eudragit S100 and L100-55. Core : coating ratio agent of 9 : 1 (w/w) with rotor speed of 15,000 rpm for 3 min were determined to be optimum conditions for the process.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2018

Oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions are effective vehicles to change the permeability of the skin. In this study, we focused on the preparation and characterization of nanoemulsion which serve as colloidal carriers for the dermal application of ceramide IIIB (CIIIB) and stratum corneum (SC) lipids such as cholesterol, and palmitic acid. In order to optimize the nanoemulsions, emulsification process conditions were conducted with regard to droplet size, nanoemulsion stability, and solubility of CIIIB. A decrease in droplet size was observed through emulsification temperature of $80^{\circ}C$ and phase inversion composition (PIC) method. CIIIB has low solubility in oil and water. When the concentration of CIIIB was increased, the droplet size of nanoemulsion was increased. When Lipoid S75-3 was added to the oil phase, the solubility of CIIIB increased, indicating some interactions shown in DSC measurements. CIIIB and SC lipids could be successfully incorporated in nanoemulsions without crystallization or physical instability. In conclusion, a stable nanoemulsion containing the SC lipids could be effective as an efficient moisturizing system for skin.