• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.299-310
• /
• 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multi-faceted neurodegenerative disease. Thus, current therapeutic strategies require multitarget-drug combinations to treat or prevent the disease. At the present time, single drugs have proven to be inadequate in terms of addressing the multifactorial pathology of AD, and multitarget-directed drug design has not been successful. Based on these points of views, it is judged that combinatorial drug therapies that target several pathogenic factors may offer more attractive therapeutic options. Thus, we explored that the combination therapy with lower doses of cilostazol and aripiprazole with add-on donepezil (CAD) might have potential in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present study, we found the superior efficacies of donepezil add-on with combinatorial mixture of cilostazol plus aripiprazole in modulation of expression of AD-relevant genes: Aβ accumulation, GSK-3β, P300, acetylated tau, phosphorylated-tau levels, and activation of α-secretase/ADAM 10 through SIRT1 activation in the N2a Swe cells expressing human APP Swedish mutation (N2a Swe cells). We also assessed that CAD synergistically raised acetylcholine release and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) expression that were declined by increased β-amyloid level in the activated N2a Swe cells. Consequently, CAD treatment synergistically increased neurite elongation and improved cell viability through activations of PI3K, BDNF, β-catenin and α7-nicotinic cholinergic receptors in neuronal cells in the presence of Aβ_1-42. This work endorses the possibility for efficient treatment of AD by supporting the synergistic therapeutic potential of donepezil add-on therapy in combination with lower doses of cilostazol and aripiprazole.

• 대한한방내과학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.410-417
• /
• 2004

Fever is a rise in body temperature from any of a variety of causes. One might even feel a fever when body temperature is normal. An imbalance of Yin and Yang due to exogenous pathogenic factors or internal damage is usually considered the cause of fever in Oriental Medicine. Fever from deficiency of Qi is one of the major components of the theory of fever due to internal damage. Clinically, such cases are usually encountered along with wasting diseases and fever does not run high. The compliment of Qi is usually considered the appropriate treatment in these cases. Oriental Medical treatment was performed using herbal medicine after the cause of fever was diagnosed as deficiency of Qi. The herb medicine used in these cases was mainly Bojoongikki-tang(補中益氣湯). Through those treatments good results were seen. More clinical case reports are needed.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.93-108
• /
• 2010

This report was studied 72 cases studies related to the use of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Virdie mainly blended prescriptions from Dongeuibogam. The following conclusion were reached through investigations on the prescriptions that use Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Virdie as a key ingredient. Prescriptions that Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Virdie was taken as a monarch drug are utilized for 25 therapeutic purposes, for example, abdominal mass, children disease, malaria and abdominal dropsy. In particular, 13.9% of prescriptions appear in the chapter of abdominal mass, and 12.5% of those appear in the chapter of children. Prescriptions that utilize Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Virdie as the main ingredient are used in the treatment of abdominal mass, abdominal dropsy, scrotal hernia and malaria. Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Virdie is used in pathogenic factors such as cold and used in pathology related to the spleen system. The dosage of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Virdie is 1bun(about 0.375 gram) to 4jeon(about 15 gram), however 5bun(about 1.875 gram) to 8bun(about 3 gram) has been taken the most for clinical application. Yukmisamleunghwan and Hyungbongjeonwon are the most useful base prescriptions which use the Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Virdie as the main ingredient.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.65-71
• /
• 2005

Powered infant formula and baby food contaminated with Enterobacter sakazakii were reported to cause infection among infants and to be associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks of sepsis, menigitis, cerebritis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Salmonella contamination of infant formula has also been responsible for multiple outbreaks. Other species of Enterobacteriaceae in powdered infant formula may be causative agents, about which there has been no report. Other pathogenic bacteria have been isolated from powdered infant formula but they were not associated with outbreaks among infant. While Enterobacter sakazakii caused disease in all age groups, premature infants under 28 days old and with birth weight are most sensitive to its infection. Even if low contamination level of the bacteria in powdered infant formula and baby food may not cause infection, the possibility to multiplicate during preparation and storage of reconstituted formula may increase. The etiological factors and pathogenecity of S. sakazakii have not been elucidated. There were wide variability in phenotype and genotype between its strains. S. sakazakii has been isolated from factory facility and surroundings more frequently than Salmonella and thus factory environment should be the source for post-processing contamination of the formula with S. sakazakii. Considering current technology to manufacture power infant formula and baby food it is impossible to sterilize powdered formula but the frequency of outbreak hazard by S. sakazakii can be reduced by pasteurizing the formula base before drying and shortening storage time of the reconstituted formula.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제40권5호
• /
• pp.746-757
• /
• 2020

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the major pathogenic E. coli that causes diarrhea and edema in post-weaning piglets. In this study, we describe the morphology and characteristics of ØCJ19, a bacteriophage that infects ETEC, and performed genetic analysis. Phage ØCJ19 belongs to the family Myoviridae. One-step growth curve showed a latent phase of 5 min and burst size of approximately 20 phage particles/infected cell. Phage infectivity was stable for 2 h between 4℃ and 55℃, and the phage was stable between pH 3 and 11. Genetic analysis revealed that phage ØCJ19 has a total of 49,567 bases and 79 open reading frames (ORFs). The full genomic sequence of phage ØCJ19 showed the most similarity to an Escherichia phage, vB_EcoS_ESCO41. There were no genes encoding lysogeny, toxins, virulence factors, or antibiotic resistance in this phage, suggesting that this phage can be used safely as a biological agent to control ETEC. Comparative genomic analysis in terms of the tail fiber proteins could provide genetic insight into host recognition and the relationship with other coliphages. These results showed the possibility to improve food safety by applying phage ØCJ19 to foods of animal origin contaminated with ETEC and suggests that it could be the basis for establishing a safety management system in the animal husbandry.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.235-243
• /
• 2015

Objectives : The object of this paper is to seek and provide evidences for the possibilities of substitutional use of Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum and Aucklandiae Radix for Moschus as an ingredient of Gongjin-dan by clarifying the similarities and differences among these herbs in the classic literatures. Methods : We have found out the features of Moschus, Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum and Aucklandiae Radix by searching Qi, Flavor and Effect of each herb in 『Shennongbencaojing』, 『Zhengleibencao』, 『Bencaogangmu』, 『Dongeuibogam』, 『Bencaobeiyao』, 『Euijongsonik』 and 『Bangyakhappyeon』. And we have compared and analyzed the fomula of Gongjin-dan and other prescriptions in 『Beijiqianjinyaofang』, 『Shengjizonglu』, 『Shiyidexiaofang』, 『Dongeuibogam』, 『Euijongsonik』, 『Euibanghwaltu』 and 『Bangyakhappyeon』. Results : We could find out the similarities and differences in Qi, Flavor and Effect among Moschus, Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum and Aucklandiae Radix. And we could also find the examples of substitutional use of Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum as an ingredient of Gongjin-dan by comparing the formula of Gongjin-dan in the classic literatures as above. And in the other prescription, Aucklandiae Radix was also used instead of Moschus. Conclusions : All of three herbs have pungent in Flavor and warm in Qi. And these herbs also have similar effects in dispersing invading pathogenic factors and smoothening the flow of Qi. And according to 『Bencaobeiyao』, 『Euijongsonik』 and 『Bangyakhappyeon』, Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum and Aucklandiae Radix direct and regulate the Qi in common. The substitutional use of Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum and Aucklandiae Radix instead of Moschus in Gonjin-dan seems to be related to 'the ascent of Water and descent of Fire' effect of Gongjin-dan.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.291-297
• /
• 2015

An oral environment is constantly exposed to environmental factors and microorganisms. The periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts within this environment are subject to bacterial infection and allergic reaction. However, how these condition affect PDL fibroblasts has yet to be elucidated. PDL fibroblasts were isolated from healthy donors. We examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and measuring the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$). This study investigated the receptors activated by exogenous bacterial pathogens (Lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan) and allergens (German cockroach extract and house dust mite) as well as these pathogenic mediators-induced effects on the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ signaling in human PDL fibroblasts. Moreover, we evaluated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-8) and bone remodeling mediators (receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand and osteoprotegerin) and intracellular $Ca^{2+}$-involved effect. Bacterial pathogens and allergic mediators induced increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and these results are dependent on intracellular $Ca^{2+}$. However, bacterial pathogens and allergic mediators did not lead to increased expression of bone remodeling mediators, except lipopolysaccharide-induced effect on receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand expression. These experiments provide evidence that a pathogens and allergens-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ affects the inflammatory response in human PDL fibroblasts.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제20권12호
• /
• pp.1614-1623
• /
• 2010

Bacteria were isolated from roots of sugarcane varieties grown in the fields of Punjab. They were identified by using API20E/NE bacterial identification kits and from sequences of 16S rRNA and amplicons of the cpn60 gene. The majority of bacteria were found to belong to the genera of Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella, but members of genera Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Rahnella, Delftia, Caulobacter, Pannonibacter, Xanthomonas, and Stenotrophomonas were also found. The community, however, was dominated by members of the Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, as representatives of these genera were found in samples from every variety and location examined. All isolates were tested for the presence of five enzymes and seven factors known to be associated with plant growth promotion. Ten isolates showed lipase activity and eight were positive for protease activity. Cellulase, chitinase, and pectinase were not detected in any strain. Nine strains showed nitrogen fixing ability (acetylene reduction assay) and 26 were capable of solubilizing phosphate. In the presence of 100 mg/l tryptophan, all strains except one produced indole acetic acid in the growth medium. All isolates were positive for ACC deaminase activity. Six strains produced homoserine lactones and three produced HCN and hexamate type siderophores. One isolate was capable of inhibiting the growth of 24 pathogenic fungal strains of Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia spp. In tests of their abilities to grow under a range of temperature, pH, and NaCl concentrations, all isolates grew well on plates with 3% NaCl and most of them grew well at 4 to $41^{\circ}C$ and at pH 11.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.63-74
• /
• 1998

Recently the high outbreaks of intestinal disease caused by the consumption of frozen dairy foods containing pathogenic bacteria has generated considerable interest in the causative agent such as Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7. This study was carried out to detect the above pathogens and compare the microbiological qualities of three commercial forzen yogurt products. The main results obtained were as follows. L. monocytogenes coliforms and E. coli O157:H7 were not detected in the total of seven frozen yogurt samples. For microbiological qualities the viable lactic counts of products manufactured by FA company were about 2.9$\times$108 -1.6$\times$109cfu/ml 1.7$\times$106 cfu/ml for FB's and 1.2$\times$106 cfu/ml for FC's The PH values of FA's FB's and FC's products was in the range of pH 4.1~5.3 and the values of FA's were 4.1~4.6 compared by the pH 5.2~5.3 of FB's and FC's products. During refrigeration of the test samples the survival rates of L. monocytogenes spiked into thawed frozen yogurt sample(FA's FB,s and FC's) were 0.55% 15.61% and 16.89% respectively. On the other hand E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were 12.4% and 25.0% for FA's 10.8% and 20.8% for FB's and 10.26% and 22.7% for FC's under 37$^{\circ}C$ storage, As the results described above each frozen yogurt products were different in microbiological qualities. The survival rates of pathogens spiked into the samples increased with the pH of the products. This indicates that the pH or any other factors pre-sumable supressed the growth of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes in frozen yogurt products.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 2015

레스베라트롤(Resveratrol)은 천연 폴리페놀이며 피부 손상, 자외선 및 병원성의 공격으로부터 피부를 보호한다. 본 연구에서는 레스베라트롤을 함유한 에토좀의 최적의 제조 조건을 찾기 위해 시도하였다. 에토좀은 수화액정법을 응용하여 제조하였다. 에토좀의 봉입효율 및 입자 크기에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대하여 조사하였다. 에토좀의 입자 사이즈는 입도분석기를 이용하였다. 봉입효율은 HPLC를 이용하여 측정하였다. 에토좀 입자의 크기는 111.2 ~ 112.8 nm이고, 봉입효율은 81.25 ~ 88.75%임을 확인하였다. 최적의 제조 조건으로는 레시틴 : 레스베라트롤 : 콜레스테롤 : 에탄올 = 2.0 : 0.08 : 0.05 : 20.0% (w/w)의 비율로 제조된 경우임을 확인하였다.