• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.295-304
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• 2023

Synbiotics help to improve gut health by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria while glyconutrients provide a source of energy for the gut bacteria and may also have immunemodulating effects. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of this combination on fatty acid and meat quality characteristics of growing pigs. In a five-week experiment, 804 growing three-way crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) pigs with an initial body weight of 31.90 ± 2.6 kg on average were assigned to two treatments: 1) CON (basal diet) and 2) TRT1 (basal diet + 0.3% glycozyme [synbiotics and glyconutrient]), each consisting of 402 pigs. The TRT1 groups showed significantly higher values of palmitoleic acid (C16:1), capric acid (C10:0), myristic acid (C14:0), lauric acid (C12:0), elaidic acid (C18:1, t), pentadecylic acid (C15:0), gondoic acid (C20:1), lignoceric acid (C24:0), and omega-6 : omega-3 in fat than the CON groups. Moreover, in the lean tissues of the pig, the levels of C12:0, C14:0, C17:0, and C20:1 were significantly higher in TRT1 than in CON. However, significant differences were not observed after glycozyme addition in pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, longissimus muscle area, drip loss, meat color, and sensory evaluation parameters. To conclude, the positive results of the fatty acid composition indicate that glycozyme may be an effective pig feed additive.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.387-397
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• 2024

Pork quality is determined by several attributes, among which odor and taste are the utmost significant. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the effects of boar odor hormone concentration on the quality traits and sensory acceptability of pork. A total twenty-six (26) non-castrated 3-way crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) pigs were selected with an average body weight (ABW) 115.6 kg before to slaughter. The three treatment groups (low, medium and high) were divided according to the androstenone concentration. In experiment 1, for meat quality traits carcass was selected based on androstenone concentration: low (LC, 0.64-0.69 ㎍/g, n = 9), medium (MC, 0.70-0.99 ㎍/g, n = 7) and high (HC, 1.00-1.69 ㎍/g, n = 10). In experiment 2, for sensory evaluation carcasses were also selected based on the abovementioned conditions. Results revealed that androstenone concentration not effect on proximate components, meat quality traits and fatty acids except palmitoleic acid. Sensory evaluation data showed that boar taint and meat boar taint were significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner from low to high, whereas, gravy and meat flavor preference were significantly increased in LC group than HC group. In addition, correlation analysis showed that boar taint and meat boar taint were positively, and gravy and meat flavor preference were negatively correlated with boar taint hormones. In essence, our findings indicate that androstenone concentration had no effect on meat qualities, but a high concentration of androstenone had a negative effect on the sensory characteristics in uncastrated pigs.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.186-191
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• 2006

Prunus mume is extensively cultivated as a fruit and medicinal plant in Korea. Recently, prunus mume has a pressing problem with an increase of prunus mume cultivation area in southern part in Korea. Chemical properties of prunus mume flower to determine the optimum processing varieties for tea were investigated. Three kinds of samples treated with fresh, freeze dry and shade dry were used. The content of moisture, crude ash, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and nitrogen free extract of prunus mume flower varieties were to $82{\sim}85%,\;0.2{\sim}0.6%,\;2.5{\sim}3.1%,\;2.5{\sim}3.1%,\;0.6{\sim}0.8%\;and\;10{\sim}11%$ respectively. The main component of free sugars in prunus mume flower was glucose and those of organic acids were citric and malic acids. 17 kinds of amino acids were determined from prunus mume flower. The total amino acid contents of Cheongchuk, Baeagaha and Goseong were 760.47 mg%, 624.01 mg% and 807.41 mg%, respectively. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine were the major component in 3 cultivars. The content of K was much higher than Ca, Mg, Na, fe and Zn. The major fatty acids of prunus mume flower were myristic acid, palmitoleic acid me oleic acid. As a result of analysis, there were no significant differences among the three cultivars of prunus mume flower and drying method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.4107-4107
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• 2001

Previous works have shown the viability of NIRS technology for the prediction of fatty acids in Iberian pig fat, but although the resulting equations showed high precision, in the predictions of new samples important fluctuations were detected, greater with the time passed from calibration development to NIRS analysis. This fact makes the use of NIRS calibrations in routine analysis difficult. Moreover, this problem only appears in products like fat, that show spectrums with very defined absorption peaks at some wavelengths. This circumstance causes a high sensibility to small changes of the instrument, which are not perceived with the normal checks. To avoid these inconveniences, the software WinISI 1.04 has a mathematic algorithm that consist of create a “Repeatability File”. This file is used during calibration development to minimize the variation sources that can affect the NIRS predictions. The objective of the current work is the evaluation of the use of a repeatability file in quantitative NIRS analysis of Iberian pig fat. A total of 188 samples of Iberian pig fat, produced by COVAP, were used. NIR data were recorded using a FOSS NIRSystems 6500 I spectrophotometer equipped with a spinning module. Samples were analysed by folded transmission, using two sample cells of 0.1mm pathlength and gold surface. High accuracy calibration equations were obtained, without and with repeatability file, to determine the content of six fatty acids: miristic (SECV$\sub$without/=0.07% r$^2$$\sub$without/=0.76 and SECV$\sub$with/=0.08% r$^2$$\sub$with/=0.65), Palmitic (SECV$\sub$without/=0.28 r$^2$$\sub$without/=0.97 and SECV$\sub$with/=0.24% r$^2$$\sub$with/=0.98), palmitoleic (SECV$\sub$without/=0.08 r$^2$$\sub$without/=0.94 and SECV$\sub$with/=0.09% r$^2$$\sub$with/=0.92), Stearic (SECV$\sub$without/=0.27 r$^2$$\sub$without/=0.97 and SECV$\sub$with/=0.29% r$^2$$\sub$with/=0.96), oleic (SECV$\sub$without/=0.20 r$^2$$\sub$without/=0.99 and SECV$\sub$with/=0.20% r$^2$$\sub$with/=0.99) and linoleic (SECV$\sub$without/=0.16 r$^2$$\sub$without/=0.98 and SECV$\sub$with/=0.16% r$^2$$\sub$with/=0.98). The use of a repeatability file like a tool to reduce the variation sources that can disturbed the prediction accuracy was very effective. Although in calibration results the differences are negligible, the effect caused by the repeatability file is appreciated mainly when are predicted new samples that are not in the calibration set and whose spectrum were recorded a long time after the equation development. In this case, bias values corresponding to fatty acids predictions were lower when the repeatability file was used: miristic (bias$\sub$without/=-0.05 and bias$\sub$with/=-0.04), Palmitic (bias$\sub$without/=-0.42 and bias$\sub$with/=-0.11), Palmitoleic (bias$\sub$without/=-0.03 and bias$\sub$with/=0.03), Stearic (bias$\sub$without/=0.47 and bias$\sub$with/=0.28), oleic (bias$\sub$without/=0.14 and bias$\sub$with/=-0.04) and linoleic (bias$\sub$without/=0.25 and bias$\sub$with/=-0.20).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2001

In search for several fatty acid with unusual structure in vegetable oils, we have found that unknown peaks were shown on GLC in the analysis of fatty acids of the lipids from the pulp of ripened jujube (Zizypus jujuba var. inermis) fruits. These fatty acids were identified as a series of cis-monoenoic acids with ${\omega}-5$ double bond system such as $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$, including ${\omega}-7$ fatty acid as $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$, by GLC, solid-phase extraction silver ion-column chromatographic, GLC-mass spectrometric and IR techniques. First of all, total fatty acid methyl esters were resolved into saturated and branched fatty acid, monoenoic acid, dienoic acid, and trienoic acid fraction, respectively, with 100% dichloromethane (DCM), DCM/acetone (9:1, v/v) 100% acetone, and acetone/ acetonitrile (97:3, v/v) solvent system. Unknown fatty acids were included in the monoenoic fraction and were confirmed to have cis-configuration by IR. Picolinyl esters of monoenoic fatty acids gave distinct molecular ion peak and dominant diagnostic peaks, for example, m/z 317, 220 and 260 fragment for $cis-C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, m/z 345, m/z 248 and 288 fragment for $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and m/z 373, m/z 276 and 316 fragment for $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}5}$. In this way the occurrence of $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ could be deduced from the appearance of prominent fragments as m/z 345, 220 and 260, and m/z 373, 248 and 280. Level of total ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids amounted to about 30% in the fatty acid composition with the predominance of $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ $ (18.7{\sim}25.0%)$, in the semi-ripened and/or ripened samples collected in September 14 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 18.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.6% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.0%), September 22 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 25.0%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 1.4% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.6%), and October $7 (C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 24.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 7.7% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.5%). However, the lipids extracted from unripened jujube in July and August contain these unusual fatty acids as low as negligible. It could be observed that the level of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids in the pulps increased sharply with an elapse of ripening time of jujube fruits. Other monoenoic fatty acids with ${\omega}-7$ series, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ (palmitoleic acid) and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ (cis-vaccenic acid) could be detected. And in the lipids of the kernel and leaf of jujube, none of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids could be detected.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.660-666
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• 1997

Changes of chemical and nutritional composition were investigated in low salt-dried Yellow corvenia muscle during frozen storage at $-20^{\circ}C$. Moisture contort of Yellow corvenia was not significantly changed until after 5 months frozen storage. Salinity was $0.28\%$ in fresh Yellow corvenia and $2.30\%$ in the salted sample. Acidity of the fish muscle was increased in excess of 5 months storage. TBA value was increased by a little amount untel 1 month of storage and significantly incraeased in 3 months of storage. Free fatty acid was increased during frozen storage with rapid increase up to 1 month storage. VBN was increased after 1month storage and amino type nitrogen was increased in 5 months of storage. Major free amino acids were glutamic acid, alanine, glycine and lysine, and composition ratio of most free amino acids were not changed untel after 5 months storage. Polyenoic acid contents were decreased after storage and major fatty acids were palmitic acid (16 : 0), stearic arid (18 : 0) and major fatty acids were palmitic acid (16 : 0), stearic acid (18 : 0) and docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6). From the results of chemical experiments, low salt-dried yellow corvenia would not be stored at $20^{\circ}C$ for more than 5 months.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.544-551
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• 2020

Background: Previous studies have shown the insecticidal efficacy of ginsenosides. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the metabolic mechanism related to the inhibitory effect of panaxadiol saponins (PDSs) against the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee). Methods: Third instar larvae of O. furnacalis were fed normal diets with different concentrations of PDSs for 4 days. The consumption index, relative growth rate, approximate digestibility, and conversion of ingested and digested food were recorded. A targeted gas chromatographye-mass spectrometry assay was performed to detect the profiles of amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates in larvae of O. furnacalis. In addition, the activity of detoxification-related enzymes was determined. Results and Conclusions: PDSs decreased the consumption index, relative growth rate, approximate digestibility, and conversion of ingested and digested food in the 3rd instar larvae of O. furnacalis in a dose-dependent manner. PDSs decreased 15 free amino acids, 16 free fatty acids, and 5 carbohydrates and increased the levels of palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, and 9-octadecenoic acid in the 3rd instar larvae. The activity of detoxification-related enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase, cytochrome P450, carboxylesterase, trehalase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase, was reduced in a dose-dependent manner in the 3rd instar larvae exposed to PDSs. These data confirmed the inhibitory effect of PDSs against growth, food utilization, and detoxification in the 3rd instar larvae of O. furnacalis and the potential for using PDSs as an efficient tool for insect pest management for O. furnacalis larvae.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.419-423
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Inorganic component is made up largely of salt, because the criteria are difficult to split into domestic and imported ingredients, organic examined the fatty acid composition is to see a possible use as a marker using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The 14 domestic samples and 8 imported samples were collected from China, India and other countries were investigated on item of 37 fatty acids. METHODS AND RESULTS: The major components were six species, myristic acid ($C_{14:0}$), palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$), palmitoleic acid ($C_{16:1}$), stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$), oleic acid ($C_{18:2,n9}$), linoleic acid ($C_{18:2,n6}$) among detected twenty fatty acids including 9 unknowns. The content of palmitic acid were highest as 25.2 to 50.8% of total fatty acids contents. Domestic has seen the most amount of salt in the Taepyeong salts $250.8{\mu}g$/100g, imports $135.2{\mu}g$/100g salt in Chinese Weifang salts showed the lowest content. CONCLUSION(s): The total fatty acid content has seen the most amount of salt in 352.3 ug/100g Christmas island salts showed the lowest content of $164.0{\mu}g$/100g, as a result it is difficult to distinguish the domestic salts and imported by the composition of fatty acid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.719-724
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• 2010

This study investigated the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of Daehak waxy corns harvested at different times. Daehak waxy corns were harvested at 4 days before suitable time (BST), suitable time (ST) and 4 days after suitable time (AST). As harvest time was delayed, weight, length and width of kernel, the crude ash, lipid and protein contents significantly increased. Fructose, glucose and sucrose contents of BST were higher than those of ST and AST. Copper, sodium, calcium and potassium contents of BST in Daehak waxy corns increased on different times, and contents of ferrous and zinc did not show any significantly difference. The major fatty acids were oleic acid (48.58~49.96%), palmitic acid (19.50~20.64%) and palmitoleic acid (18.70~23.77%) in Daehak waxy corns with different harvest times. The highest total polyphenol content and total antioxidant capacity of EtOH extracts from AST were 104.45 mg/100 g and 20.53 mg AA eq/100 g, respectively. There was a high correlation between total polyphenol content and $IC_{50}$ value of electron donating ability of EtOH extracts from Daehak waxy corns harvested at different times, or total antioxidant capacity (p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.284-290
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• 1977

The lipid components, fatty acid compositions, physical and chemical characteristics of crude oil in Amorpha fruticosa seed were determined and proximate compositions of it were also analyzed. The results were summarized as follow: 1) The proximate composition showed moistrue to be 10.14%, crude protein to be 21.77%, crude fats to be 12.73%, carbohydrates to be 51.75% and crude ash to be 3.61%. 2) Specific gravity, refractive index, smoke point and titer of the crude oil were $0.925\;(15/15^{\circ}C)$, $1,477(15^{\circ}C)$, $175^{\circ}C$ and $14.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. 3) Iodine, saponification, acid, ester value and unsaponifiable content of the crude oil were 144, 182, 2.9, 179 and 5.17%, respectively. 4) Lipid components were separated by TLC and quantitatively determined by TLC scanner to give 75% triglycerides, 14% esterified sterols, 3.08% phospholipids, 4.4% free sterols and 3.77% free fatty acids. 5) Fatty acid compositions were quantitatively determined by GLC to give 76.21% linoleic acid, 9.92% palmitic acid, and 5.07% stearic acid as the main components, oleic, linolenic, palmitoleic and arachidic acid were presented in small quantities.