• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2022

Objective: The fermentation profile and silage quality of 3 Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivars (cvs. Devis, Hellen, and Trinova) treated with 5 nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha) were evaluated. Methods: The experiment was laid out in split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Annual ryegrass cultivars used in this study have been commonly grown in Turkey. Nitrogen doses were set in main plot and cultivars in split plot in the field. Plants were harvested at full-flowering stage with dry matter content about 220 g/kg for first cutting and 260 g/kg for second cutting. Harvested plants were chopped theoretically into 2 to 3 cm lengths for ensiling. Chopped fresh materials were ensilaged by compressing in 2 L plastic jars about 3±0.1 kg. Results: Effects of N doses on dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, dry matter digestibility, relative feed value, crude protein, pH, ammonia nitrogen, lactic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid/acetic acid were statistically significant while water soluble carbohydrate, ash and organic matter were not statistically different. Ammonia nitrogen, crude protein, ash, organic matter, lactic acid, and lactic acid/acetic acid were affected by cultivars, but the other parameters were not. Increasing nitrogen applications positively affected the chemical composition of annual ryegrass silage. The significant increase in protein content was remarkable, however, silage fermentation properties were adversely affected by the increasing nitrogen dose. Conclusion: It can be recommended 150 kg/ha nitrogen dose for annual ryegrass harvested at full blooming stage. Even though the silage fermentation properties of the used cultivars were similar, cv. Devis gave better results than the others in terms of silage pH and relative feed value.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.182-183
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• 2005

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.216-222
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• 2017

This study was conducted to examine the effect of corn (Zea mays L.) - soybean (Glycine max L.) silage prepared by intercropping method on the nutritive value of the silage, in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, dry matter degradability, as well as milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows. In a couple of experiments intercropped corn-soybean silage (CSBS) was compared with corn silage (CS) and/or Italian ryegrass hay (IRG). Numerically, CSBS had higher crude protein, ether extract, and lactic acid contents compared to CS. In vitro rumen fermentation analysis demonstrated that up to a 24-h incubation period, both CS and CSBS showed higher total gas production, ammonia N concentration, and dry matter degradability compared to IRG (p<0.05). The investigation on animals was conducted in a commercial dairy farm located in Gyeongju, South Korea, employing 42 Holstein cows that were divided into 2 group treatments: CS and CSBS in a completely randomized design. Although no significant difference was observed in milk yield, animals fed on CSBS showed significantly higher milk protein (p<0.05) and milk fat content (p<0.01), compared to animals fed on CS. Taken together, our findings indicate that corn-soybean silage that is cultivated, harvested, and prepared through intercropping can improve the protein content of the silage, and can also enhance in vitro rumen fermentation, dry matter degradability, and performance of dairy cattle.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to evaluated the effect of maturity at harvest and wrap colors on the quality of round baled rye(Secal cereale L.) silage at the forage experimental field, Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, Suwon in 1998. The experiment was consist of split-plot design with three repications. The main plots were three different harvesting stages : boot, heading, and flowering stages, the subplots were wrap colors : white, black, and light green color. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) of rye silage were increased with delayed harvesting date, but there were no significant differdence among wrap colors. However, average in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of rye silage with white color wrap tended to have higher than those of other colors. The silage pH of heading stage was highest (5.12), and that of flowering stage was lowest (4.57) in different harvest stages. Among tested wrap colors, white color wrap resulted on lowest pH than others (p<0.05), but there were no significant difference between black and light green color. Dry matter (DM) content of rye silage were increased as harvest stage progressed (p<0.05). However, DM content of white color was highest among warp colors, but there was signifiant difference (p<0.05). Ammonia-N content of silage harvested at boot stage was the highest in harvest stage, but there was no difference between heading and flowering stages. Among wrap colors tested, ammonia-N content of black color was highest, but there was no significant difference. The number of lactic acid bacteria of white colors was highest in different colors, and that of flowering stage was highest among harvest stage. Acetic and butyric acid contents were decreased as harvest stage progressed, and lactic acid was increased from 6.33 to 7.98%. However, wrap colors did not influence lactic acid concentration. Among different wrap colors, outside temperature of rye silage was affected by air temperature, but effect of inside temperature was minimal. Black color wrap increased inside temperature by $3{\sim}5^{\circ}C$. The results of this study indicate that rye should be harvested for round bale silage after heading stage. The quality of rye silage wrapped white and light green color will increase slightly.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2009

The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is now widely grown as a whole crop silage in Korea, but the quality of that silage does not examined from farms. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the forage quality of whole crop barley that was participated in Silage Quality Contest in 2008. These data were classified by region, dry matter (DM) yield, with or not additive, planting and harvest date. Difference on the lactic acid content of barley silage was detected in the region, DM yield, additive and harvest date (p<0.05), however, there were partially significant differences in chemical composition. There were significant differences among moisture content in DM yield, pH in additive, and crude ash content in additive and planting date of barley silage. Crude protein content was significant difference in the region, and ether extract content was in region, DM yield and harvest date, however, non-fiber carbohydrate was significant difference in planting date of barley silage. Neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and relative feed value were significant difference only in the cultivation region of whole crop barley. According to this experiment, differences in the silage quality were observed among whole crop barley silages. Therefore, nutritive value as well as moisture and pH are important in silage quality evaluation of whole crop barley. Especially, lactic acid is an important factor for the evaluation of whole crop barley silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2015

This study was undertaken to characterize feed value and silage quality according to storage period and film layers for whole-crop barley silage. The crude protein (CP) content increased in all silage during the storage periods compared to those before silage, this content slightly increased over the prolonged storage period but it was not significant (p>0.05). Depending on the film layers of silage, 6 layers were higher than 4 layers. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents also increased in all silage during storage periods compared to those before silage (P<0.05), but they were maintained at similar levels during the storage period. Depending on the film layers of silage, 6 layers were higher than 4 layers. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) content decreased in all silage during the storage periods. However, it was maintained at a similar level for the duration of each storage period. Depending on the film layers of silage, 6 layers were lower than 4 layers. The pH value was decreased during the prolonged storage period and depending on the film layers, 6 layers were lower than 4 layers. In the organic acid contents during the prolonged storage period, lactic acid increased, acetic acid was lower, and butyric acid was significantly higher (p<0.05). Depending on the film layers, 6 layers showed higher levels of lactic acid and lower levels of butyric acid (p<0.05). Therefore, these results showed that 6 layer wrapping was advantageous for long term storage of whole crop barley silage, while also indicating that it is desirable to use 4 layer wrapping within a six month period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.473-478
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• 2004

Processing and storage of the silage from agricultural by-products were studied in two experiments. The first experiment was conducted to investigate the chemical composition and degradability of various silages with varying ensiling times. The experiment was a 5$\times$3 factorial design, completely randomized, with factor A as the different formulated mixtures by varying level of urea addition (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) and factor B as the time of ensiling. Chemical composition changed little with time and varied only slightly with levels of urea in the mixtures. Dry matter (DM) degradability increased with increasing cassava levels while crude protein degradability and pH level increased with increasing urea addition. By using 'Flieg point', which relates to organic acid yields, there were no significant difference among ensiled mixtures and times of ensiling. Therefore it can be concluded that the 5th silage formulation is the most appropriate since its DM and crude protein (CP) degradability were highest. The second experiment was carried out to determine the quality of the 5th silage mixtures (from the previous trial) after being stored for up to 6 months. The experiment was a complete randomized design with samples taken at monthly intervals up to 6 months and subjected to laboratory and degradability analyses. The results showed no significant (p>0.05) difference in chemical composition except for increased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber percentage in association with increasing storage time. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in 'Flieg point' among times of storage. In conclusion, this experiment showed that the silage from agricultural by-products can be stored for more than 6 months.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.144-147
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• 2011

The main nutritional problem of sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor${\times}$Sorghum sudanese) silage is low quality and palatability. This experiment was conducted to evaluate whether organic com grain and crushed rice addition of sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silage increases forage quality of the silage. The sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silages with added com grain and crushed rice were similar to conventional com silage in moisture content. However organic sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silage had low pH values. Silage added with gain and byproduct had higher crude ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents than control com silages, while its non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) showed the opposite results. Lactic acid, butyric acid and lactic percentage of total organic acid (L/T) of sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silages were higher than those of com silage, but acetic acid was higher than control. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of com silage was higher than other sorghum silages. Feed intake of sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silage added with crushed rice was highest among silages. Therefore, these data indicate that crushed rice and com grain added sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing silage quality and palatability.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2024

Understanding changes in fermentation characteristics and microbial populations of forage silage during ensiling is of interest for improving the nutrient value of the feed for ruminants. This study was conducted to investigate the changes in fermentation characteristics and bacterial communities of whole crop rice (WCR) silage during the ensiling period. The chemical compositions, pH, organic acids and bacterial communities were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months after ensiling. The bacterial communities were classified at both the genus and species levels. The dry matter content of WCR silage decreased with the length of storage (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in crude protein and NDF contents. Following fermentation, the pH level of WCR silage was lower than the initial level. The lactic acid content remained at high levels for 3 to 6 months after ensiling, followed by a sharp decline at 12 months (p<0.05). Before fermentation, the WCR was dominated by Weissella (30.8%) and Pantoea (20.2%). Growth of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (31.4%) was observed at 3 months after ensiling. At 6 months, there was a decrease in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (10.2%) and an increase in Levilactobacillus brevis (12.8%), resulting in increased bacteria diversity until that period. The WCR silage was dominated by Lentilactobacillus buchneri (71.2%) and Lacticaseibacillus casei (27.0%) with a sharp reduction in diversity at 12 months. Overall, the WCR silage maintained satisfactory fermentation quality over a 12-month ensiling period. Furthermore, the fermentation characteristics of silage were found to be correlated to bacterial microbiome.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.144-144
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• 2022

The amount of required forage is increasing by 20% every year in South Korea, but the cultivation area for forage production is limited. The yield ability of triticale forage is the highest among the winter forage crops including rye and the crop has cold tolerance within the average low temperature of -10℃ in January. Therefore, this study analyzed effects of sowing and harvesting times on feed value and quality for efficiently using and supplying triticale as livestock feed. Seed of the triticales, 'Joseong' was sown in 2021 fall (October) and 2022 spring (March). The triticales were harvested according to growth stages: seedling stage, booting stage, heading stage, 10 days after heading, and 20 days after heading. Moisture contents of each harvested triticales were adjusted to about 60%, and then the triticales were fermented for 40 days at room temperature under anaerobic conditions as silage. We have analyzed pH and organic acid to determine the feed value and quality of each silage. The contents of lactic acid in silage ofthe triticale harvested at the seedling stage of both fall and spring-sown (1.61%, 1.63%) were the highest among all of the silages; the booting stage (0.75%, 1.33%), the heading stage (0.50%, 0.69%), 10 days after the heading stage (0.31%, 0.42%), and 20 days after heading stage (0.22%, 0.40%). Such as the contents of lactic acid in the silages, and the pH value of the silages The pH value in both the fall- and spring-sown became lower as the triticale was grown up: seedling stage (7.05, 6.85), booting stage (6.21, 6.75), heading stage (6.18, 6.28), 10 days after heading stage (6.22, 6.17), and 20 days after heading stage (6.15, 5.81). Taken together, the results showed that the feed value and quality of triticale silage were more affected by harvesting time than sowing time.