• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.248-288
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• 2022

The study on vascular plants of Gayasan National Park was conducted in 2016 over a period of 34 days from March to October 2016. As the study, a total of 768 taxa were recorded, including 118 families, 396 genera, 691 species, 15 subspecies, 51 varieties, and 11 forms. In the vascular plants, four endangered wild plants were recorded, Ponerorchis cucullata (L.) X.H.Jin, Trientalis europaea var. arctica (Fisch.) Ledeb., Cypripedium macranthos Sw., and Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus. Taxa of Least Concern (LC) or higher level on National Red List published by the Ministry of Environment of Korea were 21 taxa for example Tricyrtis macropoda Miq., and Lilium cernuum Kom. A total of 37 Korean endemic plants were investigated for example Abies koreana E.H.Wilson and Impatiens atrosanguinea (Nakai) B.U.Oh & Y.P.Hong. A total of 162 taxa of floristic regional indicators (3^rd to 5^th degree) were investigated including 9 taxa of V, 15 taxa of IV, 38 taxa of III, 45 taxa of II, and 53 taxa of I. Naturalized plants were recorded a total of 46 taxa with a Naturalization Index of 6.0%, the Urbanization Index was calculated to be 14.3% and 5 taxa of ecosystem disturbance plants were investigated such as Sicyos angulatus L., Rumex acetosella L., and Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. As the result of comparison with previous studies, in this study a total of 206 taxa were newly identified including 62 families, 144 genera, 184 species, 2 subspecies, 15 varieties, and 5 forms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of $NO_3{^-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$ on the adventitious root growth and eleuthroside synthesis of Eleutherococcus senticosus during 3 L-bioreactor culture. The change of medium component ratio was also measured during culture. The fresh weignt of adventitious root reached to the greatest level of 24.4g FW/L in the presence of 50 mM $NO_3{^-}$ and 10 mM $NH_4{^+}$, representing 3.4-fold increase compared to the 60 mM $NH_4{^+}$. However, as the increase of the portion of $NH_4{^+}$, the root growth was decreased. Maximum eleutheroside B and E1 production were $249{\mu}g/g$ and $43{\mu}g/g$, respectively, with 30 mM total nitrogen source. The maximum production of eleutheroside E were $788{\mu}g/g$ with 120 mM total nitrogen source. The greatest weight of adventitious root increased up to 6.2 fold of inoculum size within 9 weeks. The change of pH was influenced from 4.81 to 6.35 and the amounts of $NH_4{^+}$ and $K^+$ were decreased during culture periods. From these results we suggest, need further study of various treatment to increase the growth of biomass and the accumulation of useful secondary metabilites.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.871-884
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• 2022

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of calcium (Ca) levels in weanling pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc). In experiment 1, one hundred and eighty weanling pigs were randomly allotted to one of the three treatments. The treatments were low (Ca 0.60% in phase 1 and 0.50% in phase 2), standard (Ca 0.72% in phase 1 and 0.66% in phase 2), and high (Ca 0.84% in phase 1 and 0.72% in phase 2). In experiment 2, hundred and forty weanling pigs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments differing in Ca levels (high and low) and sources (CaCl₂ and CaCO₃) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. There were 10 pigs per replicate in both experiments, with 6 replicates in each treatment, and they were conducted in two phases (phase 1, days 0-14; phase 2, days 15-28). In experiment 1, body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and growth to feed ratio (G/F) increased as the Ca level decreased (p < 0.05). P digestibility was higher in the low-Ca diet group than in the high-Ca diet group (p <0.05). In experiment 2, the final BW, ADG, and G/F increased in the CaCl₂ diet group compared with the case in the CaCO₃ diet group (p < 0.05). The digestibility of crude protein (CP), Ca, and P was higher in the CaCl₂ diet group than in the CaCO₃ diet group (p < 0.05). Cl^- levels were higher in the CaCl₂ diet group than in the CaCO₃ diet group (p < 0.05). The bicarbonate (HCO_3-), base excess (BE), and electrolyte balance (EB) levels were lower in the CaCl₂ diet group than in the CaCO₃ diet group (p < 0.05). Hematocrit increased as the Ca level decreased (p < 0.05). The HCO_3- interacted with the Ca sources and thus, affected the Ca levels (p < 0.05). Bone ash, Ca, and P were downregulated in the low-Ca diet group compared with the case in the high-Ca diet group. Overall, the low dietary Ca supplementation led to greater growth performance. Furthermore, CaCl₂ appeared to be a better Ca source than CaCO₃ because of the greater digestibility of CP, Ca, and P, and improved EB.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.833-837
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• 2004

DeniLite$^{TM}$ laccase immobilized platinum electrode was used for amperometric detection of hydroquinone (HQ) and homogentisic acid (HGA) by means of substrate recycling. In case of HQ, the obtained sensitivity is 280 nA/ ${\mu}$M with linear range of 0.2-35 ${\mu}$M ($r^2$ = 0.998) and detection limit (S/N = 3) of 50 nM. This high sensitivity can be attributed to chemical amplification due to the cycling of the substrate caused by enzymatic oxidation and following electrochemical regeneration. In case of HGA, the obtained sensitivity is 53 nA/ ${\mu}$M with linear range of 1-50 $[\mu}M\;(r^2$ = 0.999) and detection limit of 0.3 ${\mu}$M. The response times ($t_{90%}$) are about 2 seconds for the two substrates and the long-term stability is 60 days for HQ and around 40-50 days for HGA with retaining 80% of initial activities. The very fast response and the durable long-term stability are the principal advantages of this sensor. pH studies show that optimal pH of the sensor for HQ is 6.0 and that for HGA is 4.5-5.0. This shift of optimal pH towards acidic range for HGA can be attributed to the balance between enzyme activity and accessibility of the substrate to the active site of the enzyme.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.349-361
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• 2023

Objective: To quantitatively assess the pulmonary vasculature using non-contrast computed tomography (CT) in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) pre- and post-treatment and correlate CT-based parameters with right heart catheterization (RHC) hemodynamic and clinical parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 patients with CTEPH (mean age, 57.9 years; 53% female) who received multimodal treatment, including riociguat for ≥ 16 weeks with or without balloon pulmonary angioplasty and underwent both non-contrast CT for pulmonary vasculature analysis and RHC pre- and post-treatment were included. The radiographic analysis included subpleural perfusion parameters, including blood volume in small vessels with a cross-sectional area ≤ 5 mm² (BV5) and total blood vessel volume (TBV) in the lungs. The RHC parameters included mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and cardiac index (CI). Clinical parameters included the World Health Organization (WHO) functional class and 6-minute walking distance (6MWD). Results: The number, area, and density of the subpleural small vessels increased after treatment by 35.7% (P < 0.001), 13.3% (P = 0.028), and 39.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. The blood volume shifted from larger to smaller vessels, as indicated by an 11.3% increase in the BV5/TBV ratio (P = 0.042). The BV5/TBV ratio was negatively correlated with PVR (r = -0.26; P = 0.035) and positively correlated with CI (r = 0.33; P = 0.009). The percent change across treatment in the BV5/TBV ratio correlated with the percent change in mPAP (r = -0.56; P = 0.001), PVR (r = -0.64; P < 0.001), and CI (r = 0.28; P = 0.049). Furthermore, the BV5/TBV ratio was inversely associated with the WHO functional classes I-IV (P = 0.004) and positively associated with 6MWD (P = 0.013). Conclusion: Non-contrast CT measures could quantitatively assess changes in the pulmonary vasculature in response to treatment and were correlated with hemodynamic and clinical parameters.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 2013

The objectives were to evaluate the accuracy of shade selection by human visual system(VS) and 2 different colorimeters ($ShadeEye^{(R)}$(SE) and Shadepilot (SP)). Maxillary anterior teeth of 30 volunteers which had no caries or restorations were included in the study. Firstly, the accordance in shade selection by 3 dentists and 2 colorimeters was investigated. Secondly, the color of the teeth were measured by 1 observer's naked eye and 2 colorimeters under different illumination conditions (Sunny versus cloudy day). Additionally testing of inter-observer variability selected colors by 2 novice and 2 experienced dentists were compared. For comparing visual and 2 different colorimeters, SP(60%) showed significantly highest rate of accordance than the visual (23.3%) or SE (16.7%) and lowest mean ${\Delta}E$ ($2.62{\pm}0.74$ versus $3.83{\pm}1.38$;SE or $4.04{\pm}1.61$;VS)(p<0.001). If accuracy of shade selection were measured using VS, the mean ${\Delta}E$ value of cloudy day was higher than that of sunny day ($4.35{\pm}1.70$ versus $3.53{\pm}1.31$; p<0.001). There were no significant difference of the mean ${\Delta}E$ value between sunny and cloudy day in both SE and SP. Inter- observer repeatability was higher in 2 experienced group (73.3%) than novice group (36.7%). The mean ${\Delta}E$ of experienced group was lower than that of novice group ($3.60{\pm}1.47$ versus $4.70{\pm}1.67$; p<0.001). Colorimeters (SE or SP) is more accurate and more reproducible compared with human shade assessment. Using visual system may be limited by cloudy and inexperience of tester, then more experience and using colorimeters may be helpful of raising the accurate repeatability of shade selection.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.93-103
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• 2020

Background: Risk assessment for pulmonary resection in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is important for minimizing postoperative morbidity. Depletion of skeletal muscle mass is closely associated with impaired nutritional status and limited physical ability. We evaluated the relationship between skeletal muscle depletion and early postoperative complications in patients with early-stage NSCLC. Methods: Patients who underwent curative lung resection between 2016 and 2018 and who were diagnosed with pathological stage I/II NSCLC were included, and their records were retrospectively analyzed. The psoas volume index (PVI, ㎤/㎥) was calculated based on computed tomography images from routine preoperative positron emission tomography-computed tomography. Early postoperative complications, defined as those occurring within 90 days of surgery, were compared between the lowest sex-specific quartile for PVI and the remaining quartiles. Results: A strong correlation was found between the volume and the cross-sectional area of the psoas muscle (R²=0.816). The overall rate of complications was 57.6% among patients with a low PVI and 32.8% among those with a normal-to-high PVI. The most common complication was prolonged air leak (low PVI, 16.9%; normal-to-high PVI, 9.6%), followed by pneumonia (low PVI, 13.6%; normal-to-high PVI, 7.9%) and recurrent pleural effusion (low PVI, 11.9%; normal-to-high PVI, 6.8%). The predictors of overall complications were low PVI (odds ratio [OR], 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-4.09; p=0.03), low hemoglobin level (OR, 0.686; 95% CI, 0.54-0.87; p=0.002), and smoking history (OR, 3.93; 95% CI, 2.03-7.58; p<0.001). Conclusion: Low PVI was associated with a higher rate of early postoperative complications in patients with early-stage NSCLC.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 1998

A case of fine needle aspiration cytology of an osteoclastic giant cell tumor of pancreas, which is an uncommon variant of ductal adenocarcinoma, is described. Aspirated tumor cells were characterized by three populations: (1) bland osteoclast like giant cells with multiple small, round nuclei with distinct nucleoli, and abundant cytoplasm, (2) Individually scattered or loosely clustered medium sized mononuclear tumor cells, having fine chromatin, smooth nuclear membrane, often prominent nucleoli, and high N/C ratio, (3) bland or atypical spindle shaped cells. Osteoid like lacy material was also seen on cell block section. The immunohistochemical studies using paraffin embedded cell block section showed positivities for vimentin and lysozyme in both giant and mononuclear turner cells. However, they were negative for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, S-100 protein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and p53.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.53 no.11
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• pp.583-588
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• 2004

We stabilized the frequency and power of a high voltage excited CW CO2 laser on the peak of the Doppler broadened gain curve using the photoacoustic effect generated from the laser itself. The photoacoustic signal is directly coupled from an radio frequency discharge chamber via a capacitor microphone into a detector and a lock-in stabilizer. The frequency stability is estimated to be better then 1.2×10/sup -7/ at the transition P(20) line. The stabilized output power variation was reduced to from 77 % to 3.3 %.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the snack meal management for infants and toddlers and the demand for snack products according to mothers' sustainable dietary style in the Jeonbuk area. Methods: The participants were 359 mothers in the Jeonbuk area. The data was analyzed using factor analysis, cluster analysis, analysis of variance, and χ²-tests with SPSS v. 25.0. According to the sustainable dietary style, the situation of providing snacks at home, the purchasing behavior for snack products, and the satisfaction and, demand for snack products were investigated. Results: Using the K-clustering method, the sustainable dietary style of the subjects was categorized into 3 clusters. Cluster 1 was the family health-seeking group, cluster 2 was the sustainable dietary trend group, and cluster 3 was the sustainability-interested group. The frequency of snack intakes according to the cluster groups showed a significant difference (p < 0.001). Fruits were the snack item most frequently consumed by all the cluster groups. Approximately 92.8% of mothers had purchased snack products, and 95.2% of the subjects were satisfied with them (p < 0.05). The main reason for satisfaction with the snack products in all the cluster groups was the various kinds of products with considering the growth stage of children. Clusters 2 and 3 required the development of snack products using organic food materials, while cluster 1 required the snack products to be supplemented with various nutrients. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop various snack products according to the sustainable dietary style and the needs of mothers so that these snacks can increase the satisfaction of mothers with the snack products and lead them to better snack purchasing behavior.