• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Soybeans are the rich sources of isoflavones. To date, the changes of isoflavone contents in various black soybeans cheonggukjang during fermentation by Bacillus subtilis CSY191 has not been investigated.METHODS AND RESULTS: This study investigated the changes of total phenolic and isoflavone contents and antioxidant effects during cheonggukjang fermentation made with four black soybean (BS) cultivars including Cheongja, Cheongja#3, Geomjeong#5, and Ilpumgeomjeong with a potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis CSY191. The total phenolic contents, isoflavone-malonylglycoside and -aglycone contents, and antioxidant activity were increased in cheonggukjang at 48 h fermentation, while the content of isoflavone-glycosides was decreased during cheonggukjang fermentation. In particular, the Cheongja#3 soybean fermented at 37℃ for 48 h displayed the highest antioxidant activities, compared to those of the other BS cultivars tested. Also, the highest levels of total phenolic, daidzein, glycitein, and genistein were present at concentrations of 17.28 mg/g, 283.7 g/g, 39.9 g/g, and 13.2 g/g at the end of Cheongja#3 soybean fermentation.CONCLUSION: The results from this study suggested that the enhanced antioxidant activity of cheonggukjang of BS might be related to increased levels of total phenolic, isoflavon-aglycone, and malonyl-glycoside contents achieved during fermentation. Furthermore, fermented Cheongja#3 soybean showed the highest levels of enhanced antioxidant activities than the other BS cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.373-379
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• 2011

Paeoniae Radix Rubra is a preparation consisting of desiccated roots of Paeonia lactiflora PALL (belonging to Ranunculaceae). Paeoniae Radix Rubra is used as a medicinal herb in Asian countries to treat many diseases. Ethanol- or water-based extracts of Paeoniae Radix Rubra were prepared and tested on RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. The expression of some pro-inflammatory proteins, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 was detected by Western blot analyses, while PGE2 expression was quantified by ELISA. Both the water and ethanol extracts of Paeoniae Radix Rubra suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and exhibited cell toxicity in accordance with increased NO production. Also, both extracts reduced the expression of COX-2 and iNOS, and inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Extracts prepared from Paeoniae Radix Rubra contain anti-inflammatory agents that inhibit the iNOS and MAPK pathways.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Objective : For the purpose of developing Boraginaceae plants recorded in Korean Herbology in Korea, the literatures of the successive generations have been thoroughly investigated to prepare this article. Methods : Books and research papers about Herbology which published at Korea and other countries were examined. Results : A list was made about Boraginaceae plant which were cultivated or grew naturally in Korea, after investigated the data on domestic and foreign Boraginaceae plants. Boraginaceae(grew in Korea) were divided into 14 classes with 24 species. Out of those, 6 classes with 9 species were found serviceable which indicates 37.5% of all. Out of all 24 species of Boraginaceae family, Trigonotis genus were found 5 species, which were shown the most. Among 3 genus of Lithospermum species, medicinal plants were all one species each. Out of all serviceable parts in Boraginaceae, Herb·Radix·Fructus parts took first place as 3 species. There are 2 species toxic, the survey said. 3 Classifying medicinal plants among the Borginaceae plants by part, whole herbs, roots, and fruits are found to be 3 separate species each. When it comes to the nature of taste, 5 kinds of taste without action and seven kinds of bitter taste are the most common. For channel tropism, liver channel has the largest number of 5 types. Conclusion : There were totaled to 14 genera and 24 species in Boraginaceae in Korea and among them medicinal plants are 6 genera, 9 species, some 37.5% in total.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2013

Objectives : Provides research basis on steaming processing method (SPM) as described in literatures 'Roegongpojaron', 'Pojadaebub', and 'Susajinam'. Methods : The following issues were considered for current investigation regarding herbal drugs: (i) categorizing SPM-applied drugs, (ii) protocols on the use of the supporting materials, (iii) kind of supporting materials, (iv) processing periods, (v) part of the herb plants, (vi) herbal efficacy, (vii) intrinsic properties and tastes of the herbal drugs, (viii) meridian tropism of the herbal drugs. Result : The number of herbal drugs was 70 species from 'Roegongpojaron', 73 from 'Pojadaebub', and 66 from 'Susajinam'. The abundance of supporting materials was in the order of alcohol, honey and tofu. The herbal parts of the roots, stem, fruit, and seed were most widely used. Based on herbal efficacy, a drug supplementing invigoration was used most, and a drug eliminating heat followed next. Based on four spirit features, herbs showing warm, cold, and mild features were used. In considering five tastes, herbs showing bitter and sweet tastes were used most. In considering meridian tropism, herbs converging to liver and kidneys were used, and drugs converging to 'Samcho, and gallbladder were not used. Conclusion : The present survey on SPM as described in 'Roegongpojaron', Pojadaebub', and 'Susajinam' indicates that there is a principal specialty on the use of supporting materials, steaming periods, steaming parts and efficacy.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.123-127
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• 2008

Anti-enterovirus 71 (EV 71) activities of fifteen herb plant species extracts were examined by SRB assay, among which Origanum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis (Anna Rosemary) extracts exhibited the activities with $IC_{50}$ of 8.28 and $8.17\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Their 50% cytotoxicity concentrations ($CC_{50}$) were 691.89 and $1104.19\;{\mu}g/mL$, and the therapeutic indices were 83.56 and 135.15, respectively. Amantadine (positive control) showed anti-EV 71 activity with 50% inhibitory concentration and $CC_{50}$ of 4.46 and $145.22\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Addition of the methanol extracts of O. vulgare and R. officinalis (Anna Rosemary) in EV 71-infected Vero cells strongly inhibited the formation of visible cytopathic effects without changing the normal morphology of the cells. These results indicate that methanol extracts of O. vulgare and R. officinalis (Anna Rosemary) may contain antiviral compound inhibiting the EV 71 replication.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.277-280
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• 2017

Elsholtzia splendens, which grows on moist soil of mountainous regions, is widely distributed at all regions of Korea, especially at Mountain Ji ri. It is categorized as a Labiatae plant which is dried aerial part. It has the following medicinal properties; removal of fever, alleviation of pain, a good antiphlogistic agent as well as antibacterial effects. However, the effects of E. splendens on thrombosis and platelet activation are not precisely understood. We performed this study to develop antithrombotic agents from oriental medicine herb extracts. E. splendens inhibited platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid and U46619 in a concentration dependent manner. E. splendens did not show an effect on anticoagulation as determined by prothrombin time (PT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). We also tested the effects of E. splendens using a carotid artery thrombosis rat model induced by 35% $FeCl_3$ treatment. E. splendens significantly inhibited thrombus weight compared with the control group. These results show that E. splendens may be developed as a potential antiplatelet activity agent for treatment of cardiocerebrovascular disease and atherosclerosis.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 1997

Cerebrovascular diseases in Korea is an important health problem since mortality and mobidity have been increased rapidly. It marked the 2nd cause of specific death rates in 1993. The subjects of the study were seventeen citizens who are using to the Oriental Medicine. The data were collected from Apr. to Oct. 1996. The researcher as a caregiver and volunteer made confidence of them and asked for their agreement on the purpose of the study. The subjects expressed their experience as openheartedly as possible. The researcher described closely the experiences of using to the Oriental Medicine with there words themselves and under the observation of the reseacher. A tape-recorder was used under the permission of the subjects to prevent the leakage of the spoken information and communication. The analysis of the data was made through the phenomenological analytic method suggested by Van Kaam, which is as follows; as an unit of description which include the subject' expressions and the researcher's observation. The conclusions of this study was as follows : one hundred eighteen descriptive expression found and they were grouped eighteen common factors. These are ${\ulcorner$to effect needle${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$to effect Chinese medicine${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$treatment method${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$attitude of herb doctor${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$recommendation of family and other person${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$what one sold to${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$traditional custom${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$experience of the past use${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$to be desolate${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$negative recognition${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$Ineffective drug${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$Unfaithful of doctor${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$positive recognition${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$Oriental medical hospital surroundings${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$to build up one's health${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$to be clear blood${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$economic burden${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$deficit of profession${\lrcorner}$ Finally. eighteen common factors were grouped under six highter categories. These are ${\ulcorner$Belief to oriental medicine${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$motivation of use${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$distrust to western medicine${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$stability of emotion${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$Alteration of positive physical function${\lrcorner}$.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2 s.28
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• pp.46-91
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• 1994

l. Backgrounds of Studies Cerebrovascular accident. one of the three major causes of death among audults with cardiopathy and malignancy, has been on the increase in korea while it is on the decrease in European countries and Japan. Types of stroke undergo changes caused by prolongment of life expectancy. and social and economic variety. More patients of ischemic stroke show a tendency to increase now than those of hemorrhagic stroke in the past. Many clinical studies on medical cerebrovascular and oriental stroke of paralysis have been published. but few clinical studies on therapeutics of integrated oriental and western medicine are to be found. So I have made an attempt to study clinical observations and therapeutic responses of ischemic stroke under integrated oriental and western medicine. 2.Methods. Among the patients admitted into the clinic of Joong-Poong, Woo-Suk University Hospital from May 1. 1993 until April 30. 1994 those 56 patients who were diagnosed as ischemic stroke on Computed Tomography(CT) and showed no dubious symptom after examination of coagulation and bleeding time were classified into the following six steps and treated: l)diagnosis 2)emergency treatment 3)basic treatment 4)treatment of risk and provoking factors. and preceeding disease 5)complications and conservative therapy 6)rehabilitation. For a period of basic treatment both herb medication and urokinase therapy were applied at the same time. Intravenous injection has been given at a unit of 300.000 dosage a day as urokinase therapy during basic treatment. If they showed any dubious symptom in glucose tolerance test. fructose 500ml and urokinase 300.000 dosage were mixed and injected. In case of no symptom 5% DW 500ml was mixed with urokinase 300.000 unit. and injected at a speed of 15gtt per minute. 3. Results and Conclusions 1) The level of ambulation has been improved from 42.9% when admitted to 73.2% when discharged in the degree of recovery. The level of severe function disorder has been remarkably decreased from 55.4% when admitted to 19.6% when discharged. 2) The treatment effect on the basis of therapeutic response of clinical and subjective symptom shows as follows: 7.1% Excellent. 35.7% Good. 37.5% Effective. 10.7% Stationary. and 8.9% Aggravated. The total recovery above effective shows 80.3%. Judging from the above results I think it proper to develop the model of better preventing and treating ischemic stroke through effective therapeutic and clinical studies of integrated oriental and western medicine.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

Objective : Recently interest of fermented herb medicine has increased in Oriental medicine. Herb medicine fermented in a proper condition resultingly has better or new virtue by microbe. This study was designed to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of herbal decoction and fermented herbal decoction in Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang (Huanglian fiedu-tang; HHT). Methods : The effects of HHT and FHHT on anti-inflammation were measured by production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokine productions including TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6 in LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells. Results : 1. Cell viability in three doses of HHT extract (0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 mg/ml) and two doses of FHHT extract (0.01, 0.05 mg/ml) was more than 70％ and 80％ each. 2. In RAW 264.7 cells, LPS displayed significant stimulatory effects on the production of NO. However, both HHT, FHHT showed significant inhibitory effects on the production of NO. 3. Pre-treatment by HHT in a various concentrations (0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50mg/ml) reduced the elevated production of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, IL-1${\beta}$ mRNA, IL-6 mRNA. More than 0.05mg/ml concentrations of HHT reduced the production of IL-6. And TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$ level of mouse serum reduced in a various dose(0.1, 0.5, 1.0g/kg). 4. Pre-treatment by FHHT in a various concentrations (0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50mg/ml) reduced the elevated production of TNF-${\alpha}$. More than 0.05mg/ml concentrations of FHHT reduced the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA. 0.1, 0.50mg/ml concentrations of FHHT reduced the production of IL-6. And IL-1${\beta}$ level of mouse serum reduced in a various dose(0.1, 0.5, 1.0g/kg). Conclusions : These results indicated that both HHT and FHHT could have anti-inflammatory capacity by inhibiting the production of NO and cytokines in vitro. But HHT has more strong anti-inflammatory effects than that of FHHT in broad outlines.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.177-188
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• 2007

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of simultaneous treatment with supplementary therapy and treatment interval for improving symptoms and satisfaction rate by treating child rhinitis or paranasal sinusitis patients. Methods 41 rhinitis or paranasal sinusitis patients who visited the clinic between April 2004 and April 2006 were involved for this study. The patients were classified into Group A(2 sessions per week, simultaneous supplementary therapy), Group B(1 session in 2 weeks, simultaneous supplementary therapy) and Group C(1 session in 2 weeks, no supplementary therapy). After the experiment, the improvement rates of symptoms and satisfaction rate were surveyed by the questionnaires. Supplementary therapies used in Group A and B were aroma spray, Saengbit-patch, cutaneous acupuncture, nebulizer and Chuna manipulation. Results From 41 of the rhinitis or paranasal sinusitis patients, the Group A(simultaneous treatment group, 2 sessions of intensive care per week with supplementary therapy) showed the remaining symptoms score of $12.1{\pm}10.0$ in average. This score was the lowest comparing with the average of $25.7{\pm}12.9$ in Group B(1 session in 2 weeks, simultaneous treatment group with supplementary therapy) and the average of $21.0{\pm}20.1$ in Group C(1 session in 2 weeks, no supplementary therapy). Nose symptoms and sleep scores were significantly lower in Group A(p<0.01). The satisfaction score was the highest in Group B that had the most remaining symptoms and it had no significant relationship with the symptom improvement. Additional analysis showed that among many factors such as treatment interval, treatment method, cost, accessibility of the clinic, family history and satisfaction with the doctor; the satisfaction with their doctor was the most closely related to the satisfaction rate of the patients. Conclusions In this study with 41 of rhinitis or paranasal sinusitis patients, the 2 sessions of intensive care group showed the best results in improving symptoms. Supplementary treatments were also used simultaneously; aroma spray, cutaneous acupuncture, Saengbit-patch, Chuna manipulation and nebulizer. The questionnaires showed that the satisfaction rate of the patients(care taker) was not related to the symptom improvement. Additional analysis of the factors that influence the satisfaction rate showed that it was more closely related to the satisfaction with their doctors.