• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance status of the ligal examination of risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs). The study was based on in-depth interviews with the persons in charge of the examination in 63 sampled companies, which are various in location, type of industry and size. The interviews were carried out based on detail questions as well as a predefined checklist. The main findings are as follows: 1) More than half of the companies did not properly comply with the laws in performing the examination of MSDs risk factors; 2) In about 60% of the companies, the examination has been carried out by their own persons; 3) 38% of the companies conducting the survey of musculoskeletal symptoms did not diagnosed musculoskeletal symptoms based on the survey; 4) Most companies performed the prevention activities for MSDs such as education/training, stretching, etc.; 5) It was revealed that the 11 high-risk tasks were not considered to be properly defined by the people in the industries, which results in some difficulties such as ambiguity in defining the 11 tasks and unit tasks; 6) The period of the examination of risk factors, classification of periodic and occupational examinations and legalization of employers' obligation for preventing MSDs are considered to be acceptable or desirable, while it was pointed out that regulations for the method of the risk assessment and the person who in charge of the examination need to be modified.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.89-109
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• 2014

에스컬레이션 조항의 목적은 외부가격 메카니즘에 따라 신용장금액을 증가시키기 위한 것이다. 이것은 금속이나 석유제품거래에서 발견된다. 신용장의 에스컬레이션 조항은 그 조항이 실행 가능한 것으로 신용장을 구성하느냐 여부에 대한 의문을 야기시킨다. 신용장 이외의 근거에 대한 참조는 신용장을 신용장 이외의 다른 약정에 구속시키는 비 서류적 조건이라는 것이다. 그러나 객관적이고, 쉽게 얻을 수 있는 지표에 대한 참조는 신용장 약정을 모호하게 하는 것이 아니고, 객관적 자료로 입증할 수 있다는 점에서 비서류적 조건이 아니다. 가능한 해결책은 UCP에서 신용장의 비서류적 조건 중 일부를 유효한 것으로 인정하는 것이다. 예컨대 신용장에 언급된 지표는 UCP가 적용되는 신용장거래에서도 ISP98이나 URDG75에 규정된 것처럼 무시하지 않는 것이다. 비서류적 조건이 "중심적이고 기초적"인 것이라면, 그것은 당사자가 비독립적인 지급약정을 할 의도가 있은 것으로 보인다. 당사자 간의 갈등을 극복하는 가장 공통적인 수단은 에스컬레이션 조항이 포함된 신용장을 발행하되, 개설은행의 최대지급약정의 한도를 설정하는 것이다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.3-17
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• 2015

For many years commentators have requested more active regulation of attorney ethics in international arbitration. Gradual deterioration of ethical standards in international arbitration will bring disrepute and, once its reputation is lost, it could take decades to rebuild confidence. The first reason for increasing unethical behavior is that there is no ethical code generally applied to all lawyers participating in international arbitration. A second reason might be that nobody is actively regulating attorneys in international arbitration. The first step to solve this problem is that major arbitration institutions should cooperate to enact a uniform code of conduct to be generally applied to all attorneys representing parties in international arbitration. Recently, IBA and LCIA prepared guidelines on party representation in international arbitration, and the guidelines will help attorneys follow uniform standardsof ethics. However, this will not be sufficient. There should be a regulating body to monitor attorney ethics and take sanctions against unethical attorneys accordingly. Arbitrators, who can see unethical behavior by attorneys from the closest distance, are the most appropriate regulating force rather than courts of arbitration seat or an attorney's licensing country. Of course, arbitrators don't have powers to withdraw or suspend an attorney's license, but they have powers to control attorneys'behavior within arbitration proceedings such as an allocation of fees and costs, barring the assertion of claims or defenses, drawing adverse inferences, or precluding the submission of evidence or testimony. Furthermore, arbitrators should be provided with such obligation as active control of attorney ethics. Even arbitration institutions should participate by imposing on an attorney who is a repeat offender a suspension from appearing in future arbitrations. Unethical behavior will decrease through concerted actions among arbitrational institutions to introduce a uniform code of conduct and to empower arbitrators for more efficient regulation of attorney ethics.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2012

It could be debated that the owners were indemnified from the charterers even in respect of the loss of deck cargo caused by the negligence on the part of the owners' servants by a clause 13(b) of NYPE(1993) form, where NYPE(1993) incorporated the Hague/Visby Rules by a paramount clause and did not contained an on deck statement to state or identify what or how much deck cargo was being carried, however the relevant bills of lading all had such statement. The socol 3 of U.K. is a very helpful decision on (1) an on deck statement in bill of lading was sufficient to exclude application of the Hague/Visby Rules to the carriage of deck cargo, as a result, the clause 13(b) should not be null and void by the clause 3(8) of the Hague/Visby Rules (3) the clause 13(b) could not protect the owners from the loss and/or liability caused by negligence and/or breach of the obligation of seaworthiness on the part of the owners, their servants and agents. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to critically analyze the decision in the socol 3, and provide the decision's practical implications in order to prevent legal disputes as to the on deck carriage between the owners and the charterters.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.118-130
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the satisfaction with clinical practice and clinical performance ability by types of self-directed learning ability of nursing students. Methods: This was a triangular study that was conducted to understand clinical performance ability. The subjects were 260 junior and senior students from a university in P city. The data were collected from April 22 to December 30, 2015. Data were collected by Q-card, Q-block an assessment tool, a structured self-reporting survey and a questionnaire. Results: We classified the self-directed learning abilities into four types: Type 1: a self-reflective person; Type 2: a person who prepares for the future; Type 3: a person with a sense of responsibility and obligation; and Type 4: an enthusiastic learner. We found that clinical performance ability was higher for Type 4 than Type 3. We found that clinical performance satisfaction with clinical practice was also higher for the Type 4 individual than a Type 3 person. Conclusion: To improve students' clinical performance ability, we need plans and support to lead students toward becoming an 'enthusiastic learner' type of person with self-directed learning ability. It is necessary to increase students' satisfaction with clinical practice.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.38-49
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the needs of a mother when getting the information from the child care web sites. The subjects of this study were collected through on-line and off-line and constituted of 157 mothers who had neonates and infancy. All the mothers could use the internet. On-line subjects were 135 mothers who were the members of "Child Rearing" circle of internet portal site, Daum (www.daum.net) and off-line subjects were 22 mothers who visited the pediatric outpatient department. The instrument had 15 items about needs for information of the child care web sites. 12 items were multiple choice-questions and 3 items were open questions. In data analysis, SPSSWIN 10.0 program was utilized for descriptive statistics. The results were as follows. 1. The most useful web content that mothers represented was food and nutrition(24.4%) and the other rated as following order; growth and development(21.1%), supports among parents(16.8%). 2. The most great web problem that mothers represented was depth of content(43 people) and the other rated as following order; objectivity, specialty and reliability of content(29 people), no problems (23 people), too much advertisements(17 people), obligation on member(4 people). 3. Mothers represented the highest information needs about play and education(65 people) and the other rated as following order; nutrition(44 people), managements of common health problems(39 people), experiences of other parents(10 people), child caring methods (38 people), exchanges of things(7 people). 4. Mothers represented the highest consultation needs about common health problem (62 people) and the other rated as following order; growth and activity(60 people), play and education(30 people), nutrition(22 people), child caring methods(9 people).

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2013

오늘날 우리는 후대에 아름다운 지구를 보호하고 풍요로운 지구를 후손에게 물려주기 위해 많은 나라에서 스마트그리드 정책을 적극 지원하기 위해 많은 자원을 투입하고 있는 실정이다. 또한 스마트 그리드의 개념을 적용한 스마트홈 구현에 대한 요구도 급속히 증가하고 있다. 그러나 현재 90% 이상을 차지하고 있는 기존 주택에 대한 스마트홈의 구축은 비용문제 및 추가 공사가 이루어져야 되는 등의 문제로 이루어지지 않고 있으며 오로지 신규 공공건설 주택에 집중되어지고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 추가공사 및 건축 없이도 기존 주택을 스마트홈으로 구축할 수 있는 솔루션을 제공하고 있다. 이 기술은 대기전력을 약 800mW에서 약 20mW로 획기적으로 줄일 수 있는 기술을 제공하고 있다. 본 기술의 구성은 주IC의 전력을 차단하고 교류 입력부에 위치한 최소 소자의 전력소모만 이루어지도록 구현하여 대기전력을 약20mW가 되도록 초절전 스마트홈을 구현하였다. 또한 스마트폰을 이용한 전력제어 및 각 가전제품의 소비전력을 확인할 수 있도록 스마트폰 어플을 이용할 수 있도록 구현하였다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.256-268
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• 2013

Objective: To study the attitudes and awareness of healthcare professionals (physicians, pharmacists, nurses and others) toward the Pharmacovigilance system and experience for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from a Single University Hospital in Deajeon. Methods: A survey was performed using a structured questionnaire involving 360 health-care professionals at the hospital between $1^{st}$ November and $16^{th}$ November, 2012. Results: Sixty-five percent (n=235) of all respondents were experienced incidences of ADRs for their patients and 55.8% (n=201) knew the ADR Spontaneous Reporting System in the hospital. However, three-fourths (n=273, 75.8%) of respondents did not know the existence of the Korean Association of Regional Pharmacovigilance Centers (KARP) and 61.7% (n=222) were unaware of the obligation of ADR report from KFDA in cases of serious ADRs. About 83% (n=299) answered that the electronic ADR report system of the hospital was helpful while their work and most (n=336, 93.3%) agreed on the necessaries of the promotion and education about ADR. Conclusion: Seventy-five percent (n=271) of respondents wanted to continue the work for evaluation and feedback for ADRs reported in the hospital. However, the barriers to reporting ADR were; inconvenient ADR reporting system and the lack of time to report ADRs. This study showed that the easier ADR reporting system and education and promotion about ADRs for health-care providers are needed to improve the ADR reporting.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.125-135
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• 2007

A study on child care centers has been developed with a focus on normal children. Also the child care centers which take care of children with disability are rare. In Seoul, Korea, only 2% of children with disability are taken care of in childcare centers. And even the disabled children at the child care centers are mostly mentally or emotionally disabled because the building, programs and services of the centers are restrictive to the children with severe physical disabilities. In Korea, it is not yet an obligation for child care centers to adopt Disability Accessibility Guidelines to make facilities accessible by the disabled. Also, Korea does not have specific design guidelines or legal standards. This study aims to review the domestic and foreign legal standards and design guidelines which are applicable to child care centers for children with disability through a reference review. Korean legal standards, and US's ABA and ADAAG were analyzed. Two representative references such as "Creating Inclusive Child Care Facilities" published in US and "Design for access and mobility requirement for Children and Adolescents with Physical Disabilities" published in Australia were reviewed. As a result, we categorized the guidelines according to contents such as locations, areas, space organizations, nursing spaces, sanitary spaces, and doors and corridors. The goal of this study is to provide the basic information to develop domestic design guidelines to ensure that the child care centers are welcoming and usable for everyone possible.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.371-380
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• 2011

교토의정서에서 국제항해 선박의 온실가스 배출규제문제를 IMO에 위임하여 현재 IMO MEPC에서 논의중에 있다. 유엔해양법협약에 따라 모든 국가들은 해양환경보호를 위한 동등한 의무와 책임을 부담하여야 하며, 항만국은 입항하는 외국적 선박을 비차별적 원칙에 따라 통제하도록 하고 있다. 그러나 교토의정서의 기본협약인 기후변화협약은 온실가스 배출의 역사적 책임을 일부 선진국에 부과하는 차별적 공동책임을 기본원칙으로 내세우고 있기 때문에 IMO가 마련하고 있는 선박기인 온실가스 배출규제의 동등한 의무와 책임 원칙과 상반되는 양상을 보이고 있다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 기후변화협약의 발전과정과 기본원칙을 살펴보고 IMO의 선박기인 온실가스 배출규제 최근동향을 통하여 유엔해양법협약과 IMO의 규제에 있어 국제법상 제기될 수 있는 문제점을 검토하여 선박기인 온실가스 규제를 유엔해양법협약과 IMO 협약의 원칙에 따라 현실적으로 구현할 수 있는 이론적 기초와 함께 이행수단을 제공하고자 한다.