• PNF and Movement
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.333-343
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a neck exercise using a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) neck flexion and extension pattern on body balance in a progressive range of positions (supine, prone on elbow, and sitting), on numbness in the upper extremities, and on neck flexion motions in cervical myelopathy patients. Methods: One participant who was diagnosed with cervical myelopathy participated in this study. A reversal design (A-B-A') was used. The A and A' were the baseline period (no intervention), and B was the intervention period. The intervention used a neck extension pattern with a hold-relax technique and a neck flexion pattern with a combination of isotonic techniques in the supine position. Then, neck flexion and extension patterns were applied together with a reversal technique for stabilization, followed by a neck extension pattern with a combination of isotonic techniques in the prone position on the elbows. Finally, a neck flexion and extension pattern was used with a stabilizing reversal technique, and a neck extension pattern was applied with a combination of isotonic techniques in the sitting position for 60 minutes per day, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. To measure balance, numbness, and neck motion during neck flexion, the one-leg stand test and the visual analogue scale were used. Results: The right and left one-leg stand tests showed increased balance ability in the intervention phase. Upper extremity numbness was decreased in the intervention phase, and neck flexion motion was increased in the intervention phase. These increases were maintained after the intervention (Baseline II). Conclusion: These results suggest that a neck exercise using a PNF neck pattern with additional techniques in a progressive range of positions has a positive effect on cervical myelopathy patients for balance, numbness, and neck motion.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.668-680
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• 2000

The study presents the general types and individual differences of the shape of the adult women's neck and shoulder in our country. It is based on the average value, the standard deviation, the maximum value, the standard deviation, the maximum value, the minimum value and c.v. measured from the women at the age of 19 through 64. The results of this study are as follows ; 1. The factors by factor analysis are five. The first is the size factors of the neck and shoulder. The second is shape factor of neck. The third is plane view and length factor of the neck. The fourth is the side view factor of the neck and shoulder. The fifth is the shape factor of shoulder. Therefore the shape of the neck and shoulder should be examined in the shape factors as well as in the size factors as well as in the size factors for the designing body-suitable clothes. 2. The factors of the concrete objects are the solid view of neck and shoulder, the cross-sectional view of neck line, side view of neck and shoulder and length of neck. The explainable measuring items for the factors are the difference of the length between lower neck round line and the 4㎝ above neck round line, the length of neck, the angle of inclination between fore neck and back neck, the angle of inclination of the side shoulder, the difference of the height between fore neck point and back neck point, the width of shoulder, the width of chest and the width of back. 3. The concrete objects of the neck and shoulder have five types ; Type Ⅰ is average type, Type Ⅱ is thick short neck and the drooping shoulder type, Type Ⅲ I is slender long neck and lean-back shoulder type, Type Ⅳ is thick and rising shoulder type and Type Ⅴ is slender and drooping shoulder type.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.111-114
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• 2013

Objective: Several muscles surrounding neck are vital not only for neck motion, but for upper extremities motions as well. Neck pain would affect neck and shoulder disability. The Neck Disability Index (NDI), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) are increasingly used to evaluate treatment effectiveness after chronic neck pain. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation of neck pain, shoulder pain, and quality of life in patients with chronic neck pain. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty-three patients with neck pain participated in this study. Participants were instructed to place a mark on each item of three clinical measures that best represented their experience of his/her neck and shoulder problem over the last week. The outcome measures of the study were NDI, SPADI, and VAS for neck and shoulder pain and disability. Results: The NDI was significantly correlated with the VAS-Neck, SPADI-Pain, SPADI-Disability, SPADI-Total, and VAS-Shoulder (p<0.05). The VAS-Neck was significantly correlated with the VAS-Neck, SPADI-Pain, SPADI-Disability, SPADI-Total, and VAS-Shoulder (p<0.05). The SPADI-Total was significantly correlated with the NDI, VAS-Neck, SPADI-Pain, SPADI-Disability, and VAS-Shoulder (p<0.05). The SPADI-Pain was significantly correlated with the NDI, VAS-Neck, SPADI-Disability, SPADI-Total, and VAS-Shoulder (p<0.05). The SPADI-Disability was significantly correlated with the NDI, VAS-Neck, SPADI-Total, SPADI-Pain, and VAS-Shoulder (p<0.05). The VAS-Shoulder was significantly correlated with the NDI, VAS-Neck, SPADI-Pain, SPADI-Disability, and SPADI-Total (p<0.05). Conclusions: Neck disability in patients with chronic neck pain should be considered with disability and pain of the shoulder.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2013

Background: People who have painful neck have reduced proprioception in the neck. Reduced proprioception in the neck is related to the muscle spindle activity in the deep neck flexors. The aim of this study was to know that proprioception in the neck was increased by strengthening exercise of the deep neck flexors. Methods: Thirty subjects with chronic neck pain were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=15) and the control group (n=15). Deep neck flexor muscle exercise with stabilizer were conducted for the study group three times a week for six weeks. Relocation errors in 30 degree rotation to the left were measured three times before and after intervention each. Results: Neck disability index were decreased in the experimental group (p<.05) but not in the control group (p>.05). Relocation errors were decreased in the experimental group after intervention (p<.05), but not in the control group (p>.05). Conclusions: Proprioception in the neck can be increased by the strengthening exercise of deep neck flexors in the subject with chronic neck pain.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cervical deep muscle flexion exercise (CCFE) on craniovertebral angle, pain, and neck disability for patients with chronic neck pain Methods: The subjects of this study were randomly divided into three groups of 30 patients with chronic neck pain: rectus abodominis functional massage (n=10), cervical deep muscle flexion exercises group (n=10), and the control group(n=10). To assess visual analog scale (VAS) was used to test the neck pain, To assess neck posture was used to craniovertebral angle, VAS was used to test the neck pain, neck disability index (NDI) was used to test the neck dysfunction. All measurements were performed before and after each intervention was applied 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Results: In the results of all measurements, 2 groups except for the control group showed a significant change in the recovery of posture, neck pain, neck disability index (p<.05). Conclusions: Our results of this study showed that applying cervical deep muscle flexion exercise and rectus abodominis functional massage to patients with chronic neck pain improved cervical posture, neck pain, neck disability.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.25-31
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the strength and endurance of the deep neck flexor muscles in individuals with work-related neck pain. Subjects consisted of two groups: twenty industrial workers with neck pain and twenty age-matched healthy subjects. To evaluate the strength and endurance of deep cervical flexors, maximum voluntary contractile strength (MVCS) and a sustained time at sub-maximal voluntary contractile strength (SMVCS) (80% and 50% of MVCS) were measured using a pressure biofeedback unit and a stop watch in supine. The MVCS of deep neck flexor muscles was 29.67${\pm}$4.56 in neck pain group and 54.27${\pm}$6.78㎜Hg in normal group. The sustained time at 80% SMVCS was 12.42${\pm}$2.64 seconds and 55.12${\pm}$12.76 seconds in the groups with and without neck pain. The sustained time at 50% SMVCS was 25.40±5.88 seconds and 109.70${\pm}$31.50 seconds in the groups with and without neck pain. The difference of the lower jaw position was 16.75${\pm}$3.57㎜ and 23.03${\pm}$2.51㎜. The MVCS, endurance at the two sub-maximal levels and the difference of the lower jaw position were significantly greater in the group without neck pain than with neck pain (p$<$0.05). The findings indicate that the maximal strength and endurance of the deep neck flexors were decreased in the workers with neck pain compared to those without neck pain. Therefore, it is necessary to include strengthening and endurance exercises of the deep neck flexor muscles in therapeutic program of work-related musculoskeletal disorders involving neck pain.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 1996

For advanced head and neck cancers that originate in midline structures, bilateral neck dissection should be considered even if the lymph nodes were negative clinically. But, many complications and mortalities may occur in synchronous bilateral neck dissection at sacrifing of both internal jugular vein. Therefore several types of bilateral neck dissection have been proposed, but the effective and safe methods were not determined yet. So, we have prefered the method of synchronous bilateral neck dissection with preserving one internal jugular vein at least. We operated 21 patients who might be expected high incidences of bilateral neck metastases with above type of neck dissection. We analyzed the data of 21 cases(42 sides) retrospectively. The results were as follows: 1) The primary sites were transglottic(33%), supraglottic(29%), hypopharynx(29%) and tongue base(9%). 2) Types of neck dissection were RND(4 sides), MND(7 sides), FND(16 sides), and SND (15 sides). 3) Postoperative complications were minimal and did not influenced morbidity. 4) Mean interval time of neck recurrence was 21 months. Overall neck recurrent rate after bilateral neck dissecton was 19%. In 19%, neck recurrence from positive lymph nodes was 63% and from negative lymph nodes was 37%. As a results, synchronous bilateral neck dissection with preservation of one internal jugular vein minimally should be done in cases which were suspected high incidence of bilateral lymph node metastases for cure and prevention of neck recurrence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Purpose : This research intended to find out the effects of scalenus medius muscle relaxed posture on the increase of head-neck rotation for general adults. Methods : This research was conducted on 30 subjects whose both sides head neck rotation angles are not the same and that agreed to participate in the experiment. In a posture of sitting erectly on a mat, both sides head neck rotation angles were measured with C-ROM equipment, and while supporting arm in direction opposite the side where head neck rotation limited and leaning over the body at 45 degree and neck at vertical condition against ground, head-neck rotation angles were measured each with C-ROM equipment. Results : The Head-Neck rotation angle on the side of limited head-neck rotation demonstrated more increase in scalenus medius relaxed posture than in erect sitting posture, showing significant difference statistically(p<0.05). The head-neck rotation angle on the side of non-limited Head-Neck rotation demonstrated more decrease in scalenus medius relaxed posture than in erect sitting posture, not showing any significant difference statistically (p>0.05). Conclusions : This posture may be used for preventing limit of head-neck rotation caused of scalenus medius muscle tension and increasing head-neck rotation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.36
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• pp.139-148
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• 1998

In order to know what sorts of features of neck form may be required to make plans for tight collars, the neck form of young japanese women were measured three demension-ally using GRASP(Grating Projection System for Profiling) and plaster torso. By the BASIC language in NEC computer and EXCEL program in MACINTOSHI computer, it became possible to draft a number of neck surface auomatically, therefore, we got analysis of a mass of subjects. Thed following results were obtained: 1. There was a large individual difference in the shape of neck, in particular, on the front and side curves of the neck base line, where the undulation of clavicular part of neck and inclination of shoulder are refracted. 2. When designing a stand collar, from the viewpoint of clothing strcture, it is important to grasp exactly the shapes of the neck, such as the line of the neck base, the neck gradient, back neck length, back neck width & girth. 3. According to the somatotypes(turing-over, standard, bending type), there were different the method of the basic collar pattern making.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.253-261
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the causal relationship between workplace stress and working posture and the development of work-related neck pain in office workers. Methods: The study participants included 62 office workers who had not experienced neck pain in the previous 12 months. A battery of measures to evaluate potential workplace risk factors in an office setting were conducted at baseline, and the 12-month incidence of work-related neck pain was reported via monthly questionnaires. Survival analysis was used to evaluate the longitudinal relationship between the workplace risk factors and the development of work-related neck pain. Results: The incidence of work-related neck pain was 1.91 (95% CI: 1.06-3.45) per 100 person months. The incidence of neck pain was predicted to be less likely to happen when workers had a more upright thorax posture during computer work (hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.89-0.99). However, stress may deteriorate the preventative effects of other risk factors on neck pain and showed a positive relationship with episodes of neck pain (hazard ratio, 1.37; 95% CI: 1.03-1.84). Conclusion: Understanding the psychophysiological effects of neck pain may explain the development of neck pain in office workers. Our interest in prevention plans and treatments should therefore involve a multifactorial pathology of neck pain in the workplace.