• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.181-191
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of mushroom cultivation on ozone susceptibility. The mushroom media in cultivation became softening well without bad Knell when it was soaked for 120 hours. The mushroom media softening on cultivating of oyster mushroom was good and fast when the concentration of gas condition ozone is high. The concentration of gas condition ozone must control at less than 0.02 ppm at the innoculation room, 0.03 ppm at the incubating room, must not use at the sprouting mom, less than 0.02 ppm at the growing room respectively. Also at the growing room, it removes the smell of mushroom, so has a protective effects of coming into mushroom fees and disease. When the concentration of 0.02 ppm liquid condition ozone was sprinkled, it was very useful in disease protection If it was input, the storage period of mushroom fruiting body was prolonged.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.674-683
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• 2019

Some species of the Trichoderma genus are reported as the major problem in oak wood mushroom production in Korea. In spite of economic loss by the fungi, scientific information on airborne Trichoderma species is not much available. To generate information for disease management development we analyzed airborne Trichoderma. A total of 1,063 fungal isolates were purely obtained from indoor air sampling of cultivation houses used for oak wood mushroom using sawdust media. Among the obtained isolates, 248 isolates were identified as Trichoderma fungi including T. harzianum, T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, and T. pseudokoningii, by morphological and molecular analysis. T. harzianum was dominant among the four identified species. All the four Trichoderma species grew fast on solid nutrient media tested (potato dextrose agar [PDA], malt extract agar [MEA], Czapek's Dox + yeast extract agar [CYA] and cornmeal dextrose agar). Compact mycelia growth and mass spore production were better on PDA and CYA. In addition, T. harzianum and T. citrinoviride formed greenish and yellowish mycelium and spores on PDA and CYA. Greenish and yellowish pigment was saturated into PDA only by T. pseudokoningii. These four Trichoderma species could produce extracellular enzymes of sawdust substrate degradation such as β-glucosidase, avicelase, CM-cellulase, amylase, pectinase, xylanase, and protease. Their mycelia inhibited the growth of oak wood mushroom mycelia of two tested cultivars on dual culture assay. Among of eleven antifungal agents tested, benomyl was the best to inhibit the growth of the four Trichoderma species. Our results demonstrate that the airborne Trichoderma fungi need to be properly managed in the cultivation houses for safe mushroom production.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.170-179
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• 2011

In coculturing with strains of Trichoderma and oyster mushroom, we could detect the difference in the resistance of oyster mushroom against Trichoderma with the phenomena of barrage reaction, overgrowth and lysis. We selected the isolates ASI 2183, ASI2504 and ASI 2477 as varieties that showed the resistance. The isolates ASI 2240, ASI 2479 and ASI 2181 were the best in their resistance against Trichoderma in the method using culture filtrate. In common, the isolates ASI 2479 and ASI 2240 were selected in both methods. In post-inoculation method, the isolates ASI 2479, ASI 2333 and ASI 2181 were selected and ASI 2302 was susceptible. For the same isolate of Trichoderma, the resistance varied depending on the isolates of oyster mushroom used in the experiments. Because we could detect the interactions between Trichoderma and oyster mushroom, it is possible to detect the level of the resistance that differs in the varieties. However, there were the cases of detecting the level of the resistance in repetitions with the same isolate, which may be caused by the vitality of isolates of Trichoderma and oyster mushroom. It is efficient to test the resistance with the resistant isolate of Pleurotus salmoneostramine and the susceptible isolate of ASI 2302.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.2064-2070
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• 2018

Pseudomonas tolaasii 6264 is a representative strain that causes bacterial blotch disease on the cultivated oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. Bacteriophages are able to sterilize the pathogenic P. tolaasii strains, and therefore, they can be applied in creating disease-free mushroom cultivation farms, through a method known as "phage therapy". For successful phage therapy, the characterization of phage-resistant strains is necessary, since they are frequently induced from the original pathogenic bacteria in the presence of phages. When 10 different phages were incubated with P. tolaasii 6264, their corresponding phage-resistant strains were obtained. In this study, changes in pathogenic, genetic, and biochemical characteristics as well as the acquired phage resistance of these strains were investigated. In the phylogenetic analyses, all phage-resistant strains were identical to the original parent strain based on the sequence comparison of 16S rRNA genes. When various phage-resistant strains were examined by three different methods, pitting test, white line test, and hemolytic activity, they were divided into three groups: strains showing all positive results in three tests, two positive in the first two tests, and all negative. Nevertheless, all phage-resistant strains showed that their pathogenic activities were reduced or completely lost.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2014

Green mold disease caused by Trichoderma species has recently caused considerable damage to oyster mushroom industries in Korea. This disease Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus, such as in (genus) to be included in a disease caused by a species that collectively the largest incidence and damage is caused by the pathogen Trichoderma genus. T. longibrachiatum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma virens, T. hazianum, T. atroviride, and T. pseudokoningii were detected on oyster mushroom beds and, of them, T. virens, T. hazianum, T. longibrachiatum was the most frequently detected. The knowledge concerning physiological and ecological properties of Trichoderma spp. was essential for their effective control. T. longibrachiatum hyphal growth is very fast, spore formation, and, particularly well-chlamydospore formation characteristics, and reviews are dark green discoloration. T. koningii, fast mycelial growth, aerial hyphae and spores in aerial hyphae formation is concentrated. T. virens, especially if the color change caused by spore-forming, slow, late in infection, the more severe the damage is discovered. T. hazianum fast mycelial growth, white aerial hyphae and late turns dark green. After spore formation hyphae glob of white pustules or tufts on the top of the formation. T. atroviride. aerial hyphae usually the mycelial growth and spore formation in the unlikely event of the formation and smells similar to the smell of coconut is that. Fast T. pseudokoningii mycelial growth, spore formation is formed around the inoculation site, discoloration of the medium color and well formed chlamydospores.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2017

Contamination and growth of Trichoderma, a green mold, on the oak log and wooden chip or sawdust media can severely inhibit the growth of oak mushroom. Chemicals including pesticides and antibiotics are generally not allowed for the control of green mold disease during mushroom cultivation. In this study, bacterial pathogens causing blotch disease on the oyster mushrooms were isolated and their peptide toxins were purified for the control of green mold disease. Strains of Pseudomonas tolaasii secret various peptide toxins, tolaasin and its structural analogues, having antifungal activities. These peptides have shown no effects on the growth of oak mushrooms. When the peptide toxins were applied to the green mold, Trichoderma harzianum H1, they inhibited the growth of green molds. Among the 20 strains of peptide-forming P. tolaasii, strong, moderate, and weak antifungal activities were measured from 8, 5, and 7 strains, respectively. During oak mushroom cultivation, bacterial culture supernatants containing the peptide toxins were sprayed on the aerial mycelia of green molds grown on the surface of sawdust media. The culture supernatants were able to suppress the fungal growth of green molds while no effect was observed on the mushroom growth and production. They changed the color of molds from white aerial mycelium into yellowish dried scab, representing the powerful anti-fungal and sterilization activities of peptide toxins.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate effect of adding tobacco waste to promote oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, mycelial growth and control of Trichoderma disease. Tobacco waste was treated on the surface of rice straw inoculated with oyster mushroom strains. The mycelial growth treated with 0.1g tobacco waste was somewhat faster than non-treatment. In the case of mixed media with 1.0g tobacco waste, mycelial growth was increased compare to control, but adding 2.0 g tobacco waste decreased the mycelial growth. We also treated the tobacco waste on Trichoderma disease. All of the tobacco waste treatment force down the growth of Trichoderma disease. We treated tobacco waste on the surface of rice straw substrates. ASI 2072 mycelial growth was decreased regardless of amount of tobacco waster and method of treatment. Mycelial growth of ASI 2180 was somewhat decreased with treatment of 0.1g and 0.2g In the case of media mixed, mycelial growth of ASI 2072 was decreased in the overall treatment. Mycelial growth of other strains were decreased as only 2.0g treatment. Field test of mycelial growth was conducted using rice straw and waste cotton with substrates. Rice straw culture with treated 3% tobacco waste and cotton waste culture with treated 6% tobacco waste showed the highest yield. There was no effect to Trichoderma disease.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2003

Antibacterial activities of 33 antibiotics against Pseudomonas tolaasii causing the brown blotch disease on the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, were tested in vitro for the control of the disease. Tetracyclin, kanamycin, kasugamycin, and streptomycin showed strong antibacterial activity against P. tolaasii, having the minimal inhibitory concentration of 10, 10, 100 and 200ppm, respectively. These antibiotics showed similar control value of 72.9, 71.2, 68.1 and 62.7%, respectively when applied on the artificially infected mushroom beds. Mushroom yields in the tetracycline treated boxes were increased about 31.8% comparing to the control ones. Mycelial growth of P. ostreatus on the PDA supplemented with streptomycin and kanamycin were not affected, but were inhibited 10~20% and 40% with tetracyclin and kasugamycin treatment, respectively.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 2019

A gram-positive bacterium was isolated from the spent substrate of Agaricus bisporus that showed a marked antagonistic activity against Pseudomonas agarici. It was identified as Bacillus safensis HC42 based on its cultural, biochemical, and physiological characteristics, and 16S rRNA sequence. B. safensis HC42 was saprophytic, but not parasitic or pathogenic, in cultivated mushrooms and showed strong inhibition of P. agarici in vitro. Moreover, it showed a control efficacy of 66 % against browning disease caused by P. agarici in Agaricus bisporus. Therefore, B. safensis HC42 may be useful in the future for the development of a biocontrol system.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 2018

Oak mushroom (Lentinus edodes) is cultivated by using oak logs and sawdust medium. Green mold (Trichoderma) infection on these media severely suppresses the growth of oak mushroom. Usages of antibiotics and chemicals are not generally allowed to control of green mold since the mushroom is a fresh food. Tolaasin and its analogues, peptide toxins secreted by Pseudomonas tolaasii, have the antifungal activity and they have been successful to control the green mold disease. When the green mold, Trichoderma harzianum H1, was cultured in the presence of these toxins, the growth of fungus was effectively suppressed. In sawdust media, when the bacterial culture supernatants were sprayed on the aerial hyphae of green molds, the fungal growth was completely suppressed. Particularly, the antifungal activity was greatly increased by the combined culture extracts of P. tolaasii 6264 and HK11 strains. Therefore, these bacterial strains and their peptide toxins were able to suppress the growth of green molds and these can be good candidates to prevent from Trichoderma disease in oak mushroom cultivation.