• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aims to examine the concentration, diversity, and antibiotic characteristics of penicillin G resistant enterobacteria present in pharmaceutical effluent. Methods: Water sampling was performed from a pharmaceutical company in Gyeonggi-do Province, Korea in March 2015. Water samples were plated in triplicate on tryptic soy agar plates with 32 mg/L of penicillin G. Penicillin G resistant enterobacteria were selected from the effluent and were subjected to 16S rRNA analysis for penicillin G resistant species determination. Identified resistant strains were tested for resistance to various antibiotics. Results: Penicillin G resistant enterobacteria were present at 6.2% as to culturable heterotrophic bacteria. Identified penicillin G resistant enterobacteria exhibited resistance to more than 10 of the antibiotics studied. These resistant bacteria are gram negative and are closely related to pathogenic species. Conclusion: Multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in the effluent suggest a need for disinfection and advanced oxidation processes for pharmaceutical effluents.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.7.1-7.11
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• 2020

Cancer immunotherapy, in the form of vaccination, adoptive cellular transfer, or immune checkpoint inhibitors, has emerged as a promising practice within the field of oncology. However, despite the developing field's potential to revolutionize cancer treatment, the presence of immunotherapeutic-resistant tumor cells in many patients present a challenge and limitation to these immunotherapies. These cells not only indicate immunotherapeutic resistance, but also show multi-modal resistance to conventional therapies, abnormal metabolism, stemness, and metastasis. How can immunotherapeutic-resistant tumor cells render multi-malignant phenotypes? We reasoned that the immune-refractory phenotype could be associated with multi-malignant phenotypes and that these phenotypes are linked together by a factor that acts as the master regulator. In this review, we discussed the role of the embryonic transcription factor NANOG as a crucial master regulator we named "common factor" in multi-malignant phenotypes and presented strategies to overcome multi-malignancy in immunotherapeutic-resistant cancer by restraining the NANOG-mediated multi-malignant signaling axis. Strategies that blunt the NANOG axis could improve the clinical management of therapy-refractory cancer.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2012

Various antibiotics, that could induce the appearance of resistant microorganisms, have been used for treatment or prevention of bacterial diseases in marine and ornamental fish. We determined and characterized the level of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and proportion of multi-drug resistant bacteria in intestinal microflora of both marine fish cultured in Korea and imported ornamental freshwater fish. For this the bacterial species and resistance to antibiotics were investigated in intestine of rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus cultured in Korea and pearl gourami Trichogaster leeri imported from Singapore to characterise. Although the bacterial species were different, proportions of resistant bacteria to single antibiotics or multi-drug were higher in intestinal microflora of pearl gourami Trichogaster leeri imported from Singapore than in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus cultured in Korea. These results indicate that various antibiotics have been being used before trading without measures in the market of asian ornamental fishes, providing high risks for the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.409-418
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize penicillin G resistant bacteria in surface water from pharmaceutical complex effluent. Methods: Surface water was sampled from pharmaceutical complex effluent in Gyeonggi-do Province, Korea in March 2015. Water samples were plated in triplicate on tryptic soy agar plates with 32 mg/L of penicillin G. Penicillin G resistant bacteria were selected from the effluent and subjected to 16S rRNA analysis for the penicillin G resistant species determination. Identified resistant strains were tested for resistance to various antibiotics. Results: Penicillin G resistant bacteria were present at 8.0% in terms of culturable heterotrophic bacteria. Identified penicillin G resistant bacteria exhibited resistance to more than nine of the antibiotics studied. These resistant bacteria are gram negative and are closely related to pathogenic species. Conclusion: Multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in the surface water of pharmaceutical complex effluent suggest the need for disinfection and advanced oxidation processed for pharmaceutical effluent.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.142-150
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• 2012

Objectives: To estimate the multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial contaminant load discharged from livestock farms, we randomly selected livestock farms specializing in cattle, swine, and fowl and collected bacterial strains from domesticated animal feces and compost samples. Problems with resistance to antibiotics are becoming worldwide issues, and as the consumption of antibiotics appears to be excessive in Korea as well, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria shows the possibility to cause potentially serious social problems. Methods: To monitor multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial constituents, aerobic bacteria and Escherichia coli were isolated from domesticated animal feces and compost. Antibiotic resistance testing was performed by the disc diffusion method using 13 different antibiotics. Results: Examining the degree of sensitivity to antibiotics of the aerobic bacteria originating from domesticated animal feces, fowl feces showed the highest distribution rate (35.5%), followed by swine feces compost (23.1%), swine feces (18.2%), cattle feces (14.9%), and cattle feces compost (8.2%). Antibiotic resistance tests of aerobic bacteria and E. coli originating from domestic animals feces resulted in 83.6% and 73.5% of each strain showing resistance to more than one antibiotic, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that increasing multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment has a close relation to the reckless use of antibiotics in livestock.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.691-696
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• 2007

Purpose: The emergency of multi-drug resistant stains of bacteria represents a challenge in the field of plastic surgery. Especially, MRSA(methycillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have strong pathogenicity as well as multi-drug resistance so that they have become a lot more problematic strains. This study has been planned to reduce the bacterial burden by applying $Acticoat^{(R)}$(Smith & Nephew Healthcare, Hull, England)dressing into the chronic wounds infected by multi-drug resistant strains and to facilitate their healing. Methods: Nanocrystalline silver dressings($Acticoat^{(R)}$) were applied to chronic wound infected by MRSA or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Multi-drug resistant bacteria were smeared over a slide glass using sterilized cotton swabs and gram stains were performed directly before and after applying $Acticoat^{(R)}$ dressings at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The gram-stained slides were observed using an optical microscope magnified 1000 times(${\times}1000$). The bacterial counts of the control group(0 hour) were compared to those of the experimental groups(1, 24, 48, and 72 hour). Paired T-test was used to assess a statistical significance. MRSA was cultured in two BAPs(blood agar plate) and two MacConkey plates with streak plate method. None were interventions on one culture plate, while on the other culture plate, $Acticoat^{(R)}$ was placed in a square shape and cultured for 72 hours at $37^{\circ}C$, then plates were examined. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured in the same manner as MRSA. Results: There are the large amount of declination of bacterial counts with statistical significance after $Acticoat^{(R)}$ dressing. The bacteria grew in culture plate without specific intervention, but no bacteria grew in culture plate with applying of $Acticoat^{(R)}$ dressing. Conclusion: We believe that $Acticoat^{(R)}$ dressing could be used as an effective method of treating chronic wounds which are infected by multi-drug resistant organisms.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.289-297
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• 2011

Objectives: To estimate the microbial contaminant load discharged from livestock farms, we randomly selected livestock farmers of cattle, swine, and fowl and collected bacterial strains from domestic animals' feces and compost samples. Recently, as multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria and super bacteria showing resistance to a variety of antibiotics have been reported one after another, the ecological and health hazard of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is emerging as an important issue. Methods: Monitored indicator microorganism constituents were totak coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and aerobic bacteria. The multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria were identified from investigated indicator microorganisms by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: By microbiological analysis, the largest population of aerobic bacteria ($1.5{\times}10^5$ CFU/g) was found in cattle fecal compost, and total coliforms ($1.1{\times}10^7$ CFU/g) and fecal coliforms ($1.0{\times}10^5$ CFU/g) were found primarily in swine fecal compost, while the lowest population was found in fowl fecal compost. Among the 67 strains separated from aerobic bacteria, five strains expressing high antibiotic resistance were selected in each sample. We found the multi-antibiotic resistant strains to be Shigella boydii, Staphylococcus lentus, Acinetobacter sp. and Brevibacterium luteolum. Conclusions: These results suggest that increasing numbers of multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment have a close relation to the reckless use of antibiotics with livestock.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.579-588
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• 2003

연구배경 : 원내 폐폄은 중환자실에서 가장 흔한 원내 감염이다. 특히 Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii의 빈도도 증가되고 있으나 이에 의한 원내 폐렴의 임상 양상 및 예후에 대해서는 보고가 부족한 편이다. 이에 저자들은 중환자실에서 객담 배양 검사상 Multi-drug resistant A. baumannii가 검출된 환자들을 대상으로, Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score(CPIS)가 6점을 초과한 군과 6점 이하인 군으로 분류하고, 각 군간의 임상 양상 및 예후를 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2001년 1월 l일 부터 2002년 7월 31일 까지 포천 중문 의대 분당 차병원 성인 중환자실에 입원하였던 환자 중에서 객담 배양 검사상 Multi-drug resistant A. baumannii가 검출되면서 임상적으로 폐렴이 의심된 43명의 환자들을 대상으로 후향적 분석을 시행하였다. 결 과 : 대상 환자군 중 CPIS 6점 초과 군은 19명, 6점 이하 군은 24명 이었고, CPIS 6점 초과 군의 평균 연령이 유의하게 높았다 ($71{\pm}11$ vs $61{\pm}19$, p=0.046). 중환자실 입원일과 객담 검체가 채취된 날의 APACHE II score는 두번 모두 양 군간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다($17.4{\pm}5.7$ vs $18.5{\pm}6.1$, p=0.553; $20{\pm}6$ vs $17{\pm}8$, p=0.078). 그러나 사망률은 CPIS 6점 초과 군에서 73.7%(14/19), CPIS 6점 이하 군에서 16.7%(4/24)로 CPIS 6점 초과 군에서 유의하게 높았다.(p<0.01) 결 론 : 중환자실에서 임상적으로 폐렴이 의심된 환자에서 객담 배양 검사상 Multi-drug resistant A. baumannii가 검출 되었을 때 CPIS가 6점을 초과할 경우 사망률이 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.327-335
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 신규 Amycolatopsis 균주 KCTC 29142를 분리하여 형태학적 관찰, 계통분석 및 화학분류학적 분석 등 다상 분류분석을 통해 분석하였다. KCTC 29142 균주의 에틸아세테이트추출물은 강한 항균활성을 나타났고, 활성물질은 철 이온 킬레이트 물질인 siderochelin A로 동정되었다. 본 연구에서 분리된 siderochelin A는 다제내성균인 Acinetobacter baumanii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), 및 Escherichia coli (E. coli)에 대해 강한 활성을 보였고, 임상에서 분리된 다제내성균에 대한 MIC를 결정하였다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.83-87
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• 2017

59 strains of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) were isolated from pigs in Gyeongbuk province, collected from 2011 to 2016. The isolates were investigated for the presence of antimicrobial resistance and multi drug resistance patterns. All 59 S. Typhimurium isolates were resistant to at least one of 10 antibiotics used in this study, 100% of S. Typhimurium isolates from pigs were resistant to two or more antimicrobials. As many as 5 isolates of isolates from pigs were resistant to 8 of 10 antimicrobials tested in this study. The ACSTNaGmKNaCf, ACSTGmAuKT/S, ACSTGmKCfT/S resistance phenotype was observed in 3.4%, 3.4%, 1.7% of the 59 isolates, respectively.