• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.497-509
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• 1995

With socioeconomic development and change of esthetic recognition, the demand for orthodontic treatment and number of orthodontic patients has been increasing so rapidly. And frequency of malocclusion was changed. So this study was done in an attempt to provide an epidemiologic study so that we can accomodate their orthodontic needs adequately and to obtain the reliable quantitative information regarding the characteristics of orthodontic patients who visited Department of Orthodontics, Seoul National University Hospital from 1985 to 1994. Following results were obtained. 1. The total number of orthodontic patients of SNUDH during 1990-1994 increased in comparing with that of 1985-1989. And it showed that the number of annual patients was increasing trend. 2. The total number of female patients was 1.59 times as high as that of male. It showed that the annual percentage of female patients has been increasing and that of male patients has been decreasing. So demands for orthodontic treatment of malocclusion of female patients were higher than that of male patients. 3. Each total percentage of class I, class II div.1, class II div. 2 and class III was 35.98%, 14.00%, 1.74% and 48.28%. The annual percentage of class I group had been decreasing but it has increased at 1994. However that of Class III group had been increasing until 1991 but it has been decreasing. 4. Each percentage of less than 6 year-old group, D to 8 year-old group, 8 to 12 year-old group, 12 to 18 year-old group and more than 18 year-old group was 2.65%, 8.63%, 32.50%, 27.74% and 28.48%. Annual percentage of 12 to 18 year-old group ( middle & high school students group ) had been decreasing but it has been increasing. However 18 year-old group had been increasing but it has been decreasing. So entrance examination for college and university is an important factor to distribution of age group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.999-1011
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• 2008

To most of the students studying fashion related major, the graduation fashion show is a big challenge. They have to put together all they learn and show what they can do to their future employers. They design, pattern work, and make up garments for the show all by themselves. Unfortunately. while they make up their garments, they usually don't Dow exactly body measurements of the models. So quite often they have to alter their art works up to the last minute of the fashion show opening. Sometimes such unadequate work process ruins their work. The purpose of this study is to suggest block patterns of Korean fashion models measurements for basic items, such as jacket and pants for male models and torso length block pattern, skirt and pants for female models. 20 male and 20 female professional models were measured. The block patterns were based on their measurements. After the first fitting test, patterns were corrected by their body characteristic. For both male and female models, it was found desirable to fix the shoulder width and make an adjustment to the patterns with a deviation of width and girth items. In case of the resultant patterns the satisfaction was made better. Model sizes proposed in this study are considered closer to the size of average models, since they were based on A-grade models who are currently working in Korea. The resultant patterns can be produced by simply making a slight adjustment to the width of the proposed pattern in this study.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.313-319
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• 2005

This survey was conducted in order to obtain the basic data for desirable consumption habits through investigation and analysis of university students' fast food consumption behaviors. Questionnaires were collected from a total of 374 male and female students living in big or small and medium-sized cities in August, 2004. The contents surveyed were utilization and expenses of fast foods, choice of fast foods, relationship between fast foods and a diet, and characteristics of fast food restaurants. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The ratio of the surveyees varied according to gender, residence, and the size of a city they're living in. For example, males took up 48.66% of the surveyees, while females did 51.34%. The ratio of residents in apartments and stand-alone houses was 54.81% and 45.19% each. 47.33% of the respondents were living in big cities, while 52.67% of them in small and medium-sized cities. 2. 70.1% of the surveyees responded that they are with friends when having fast foods. There was a highly significant difference between male and female in the type of eating companions (p<0.001). The average number of days that they eat fast foods was 1 to 2 times a week, which accounted for 63.7% of the respondents. However, in the case of eating foods, there was no significant differences between two sexes. 3. 64.2% of the surveyees paid more than 20,000 won to buy fast foods for a week, which showed no significant differences between genders. They tend to split a bill, rather than one person pays all. There was a highly significant difference between genders in paying method (p<0.001). 4. 52.1 % of the respondents chose a menu themselves. Their most favored food was chickens (26.5%), which showed a statistically significant difference between genders (p<0.001). 46.8% of them preferred coke as a drink, which had no significant difference between genders. 42.2% of the surveyees had fast foods between lunch and dinner, which also had no significant difference between genders. The most important factor in choosing a menu was its taste (62.8%), which indicated a significant difference between males and females (p<0.05). 5. The preference to fast foods was due to the influence of western culture (36.4%) and eating-out habits (29.1%), which was significantly different between genders (p<0.05). Those who eat fast foods answered they have normal weight and normal body type (49.5%). 24.3% of them were relatively fat with significant difference between genders (p<0.05). 63.4% of the surveyees thought themselves not picky with foods, and there was a significant difference between genders (p<0.05). 78.3% of them mostly preferred franchise restaurants because they are convenient and cheap.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.175-185
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• 2004

Objective : For investigating correlation among diagnostic types, MMPI results and Sasang constitutions, in out-patients of Oriental Neuropsychiatry. Method: We got the following result by comparing the out-patients' MMPI and QSCCII from 2000/12/1 to 2001/12/30 at Sanbon Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University. Result and Conclusion: 1. A specific character of population for study's objects was that female (128, 68.4%) was twice bigger that the male(59, 31.6%). And their education levels were 52 of college graduate (27.8%), 40 of high school graduate (21.4%), and 14 of middle school graduate (14 %). A distribution of the occupation, there are 62 of labors (33.2%), 62 of white collars (33.2%), 30 of sales (16%), 16 of students (8.6%). Their marrige statuses were 144 of married (77%), 31 of single (16.6%), 4 of divorced (2.1%), and 1 of bereavement (0.5%). 2. In the physical constitutions there were 70 of Soeumin(37.4%), 56 of Soyangin(29.9%) 55 of Taeumin (29.4%), 6 of others (3.2%). A differentiation with their diagnosis, there were 55 of palpitations (29.4%), 45 of depression (24.1%), 18 of women's diseases (9.6%), 14 of insomnia (7.5%), 13 of headache (7%), 8 of pain (4.3%), 8 of hwabyung (4.3%), 7 of psychosis (3.7%), 4 of dizziness (2.1%), and 15 of others(8%). 3. A result of groupling MMPI, we could classify into 4 different groups. Group 1 is a profile of trasition in a neurosis. Group 2 is a proflie of a mental disease. Group 3 is a proflie of $'{\wedge}'$ type neurosis. And group 4 has normal profile. 4. Regarding each group with physical constitution and a distribution of diagnosis, Group 1 is found out 36.4 % of Soeumin, 34.10 % of palpitations. And group 2 showed 43.6% of Soyangin, 25.6% of depression. Group 3 showed 46.4% of Soyangin, 31.90% of palpitations. Group 4 showed the most in 34.3% of Soyangin, and 31.40% of palpitations 5. A result of the study using Chi-square test is that there is no correlation between the 4 different groups and the Sasang physical constitution.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2008

Objectives: This study was designed to understand the oral health knowledge & conduct of middle-school students, search for the learning objective and the educational method in line with the subjects and of utilizing as the basic data for an effective oral health-care program. Methods: The samples to achieve the purpose of this research are composed of 139 students in middle-school, OO county. Chungcheongbuk-do, the number of male students 64, and female students 75. Data were statistically analyzed by frequency analysis, $x^2$-test or Fisher's exact test by using SPSS WIN Ver. 12.0. Results: Among items on oral-health knowledge in middle-school students. the awareness ratio on a cause and preventive method for oral disease was surveyed to be lower than the awareness ratio on symptoms of oral disease. As a result of examining by comparing knowledge and behavior on the time of tooth brush. both awareness and behavior were the level of 50% or less than it. In particular, 46.2% perceived after lunch. but practice just accounted for 33.0%. The frequency of tooth brush a day was the largest in a case(47.5%) of doing twice a day. However. there was also the response (5.8%) with saying of brushing once or not brushing even once. Thus, the practice of tooth brush was surveyed to be very low even if being a minority of students. The frequency of taking a light meal was 68.8% in less than twice a day. However, even students of taking more than five times were surveyed to be 9.8%. Out of the whole-body health in over 50%-59.9%. the oral health was surveyed to be perceived to be very important. Compared to the awareness level on importance of a tooth, the ratio of visiting a dentistry was analyzed to be very low. Conclusions: The study results suggest that the school oral-health project was examined to have the necessity of being expanded and carried out even in middle-and-high schools, by which the specific oral-health promotion program including oral-health education in this period is developed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.3 s.62
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• pp.361-371
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• 1998

Recent increases of asthma and allergies in childhood made the need for a standardized approach to international and regional comparisons of their prevalence and severity. To address these issues, 'International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)' is currently underway. In Korea, 'Nationwide Study of Asthma and Allergies in Korean Children' began in 1995 according to ISAAC protocol. ISAAC written and video questionnaires were used in this survey, but their reliability and validity were not evaluated properly yet. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the reliability and validity of two kinds of questionnaires and their usefulness in international and regional comparisons. The test and retest of two questionniares were completed by male(n=110) and female(n=111) middle school students with two and three weeks interval each. Kappa(or weighted kappa) were calculated from each questions and validity coefficients were estimated from those statistics. In Korean version of written questionnaire, the questions for allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and food allergy proved to have high kappa values (or weighted kappa values) and validity coefficients and they can be used in further studies without any correction. But some questions about asthma(especially nocturnal cough, wheezing in exercise, and severe asthma) and drug allergy need to be revised for better under-standing to study subjects. Video questionnaire has the same degree of reliability and validity when compared to written questionnaire and this is the unexpected result. Accordingly, it also need to be revised to overcome the racial and cultural differences of the study subjects. In conclusion, the Korean version of written and video questionnaires may be considered to be useful methods in international and regional comparisons of asthma and allergic diseases in childhood after correction of some questions.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1999

Purpose: The aims of this study are to examine clinical characteristics, patterns of medical care utilization, and factors which determine medical care utilization of elementary school children with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), to find posssible factors influencing the onset and the course of the disorder. Method: We performed questionnaires in Kwangju on children from two primary schools from June,1 1998 to June 30 and carried out statistical analysis. Result: 1) Total number of questionnaires were 1417. 715 were male and 702 were female and the ratio of male to female was 1.02:1. Average age was 10.3 years. 2) 268 children had RAP (18.9%), boys 132 (18.4%), girls136 (19.2%). 3) The duration of the pain within 10 minutes was 68.5%. 178 children with RAP (66.3%) visited the doctor. The utilization pattern of medical facilities of the pupils with RAP; the most frequently utilized medical facility was pediatrics (35.2%) and the order ran as internal medicine (31.5%), and pharmacy (29.25). The utilization pattern of medical facilities for the older students; the utilization rate of pediatrics decreased, but internal medicine increased. The major factors affecting the selection of the medical facility were geographic accessibility, kindness of the personnel, good results and traffic convenience. 4) Symptoms which were accompanied with abdominal pain were headache (44.5%), chest pain (28.2%), dizziness (26.6%), vomiting (9%), and 119 children (44.5%) had no accompanied symptoms. 5) In 95 children (35.3%) abdominal pain, occured at postprandial time, in 55 children (20.5%) before meal and in 39 children (14.7%) at school. The highest incidence rate of RAP was observed on Monday (21.4%), and the lowest on Saturday (8.7%). 6) The most frequent involved part of the abdomen was periumbrical area (38%) and the order ran as epigastrium and suprapubic area. The most frequent characteristics of abdominal pain were burning pain (36.9%) and the order ran as dull, cramping and colicky pain. Conclusion: RAP is a frequent disease entitiy in children. Too many times children with RAP are treated by other departments instead of Pediatrics. A child has a peculiar growth and development which is different to those from an adult with advancing years. So, it is necessary to choose special medical care and an adequate medical facility.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2017

Objective: Computers and smartphones have become a necessity for modern people, and the use of these things in an inappropriate position has increased the number of people who complain about neck problems. The purpose of this study was to compare the changes of cervical angle, range of motion (ROM) and pain threshold according to the McKenzie stretching and dry cupping therapy. Design: Cross-over design. Methods: We included 12 male and 6 female college students in their twenties, and conducted a pre- and post-test to evaluate the changes of each variable after the application of the McKenzie stretching and dry cupping therapy. Results: Neither the cervical spine angle nor the turtle neck angle showed any change in both the McKenzie stretching and the dry cupping treatment. In the McKenzie stretching, the pain threshold decreased, and the ROM of the cervical spine increased in all directions but there was no significant difference. The pain threshold was increased in the dry cupping treatment, and the ROM of the cervical spine was significantly increased in all directions (p<0.05). Comparisons of the McKenzie stretching and cupping treatment showed that the cupping treatment produced significantly greater pain thresholds and improvements in ROM of the cervical spine than the McKenzie stretching technique (p<0.05). Conclusions: Cupping treatment is more effective in improving ROM of the cervical spine and pain thresholds than the McKenzie stretching technique. In the future, cupping treatment will be one of the treatment options for pain and ROM impairments of the cervical spine.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.92-101
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• 2008

Background : In this study, we examined body image perception and dissatisfaction with weight and height in children and adolescents, according to age and body mass index. Additionally, we compared our findings with those of previous studies concerning eating disorders. Materials and Methods : In July and August 2008, 1,501 students were sampled from elementary, middle, and high schools in Ulsan and assessed using self-completion questionnaires. We used the Korean version of the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) to screen for eating risk groups. Participants were stratified by grade, gender, and body mass index. Results : 1) Dissatisfaction with height, weight, and body image was greater in the older group. 2) Dissatisfaction with weight and body image was greater in the heavier group. 3) EAT-26 scores and the number of individuals at high risk for eating disorders were higher in the female group than in the male group. Conclusion : The EAT-26 score in this study was similar to those found in previous Western studies. 2) There were a number of high-risk individuals in the female group, with a tendency toward earlier presentation. Continuous health management and prevention programs are required.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.662-674
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the patterns of fast food intake in residential areas and its relation to eating habits among 551 6th grade students (286 male students and 265 female students) from elementary schools located in Gangnam-gu, Dongjak-gu and Seongbuk-gu, Seoul. The results of this study were as follows. 1) There were significant differences in the preference for fast food among districts (p<0.05) and children from Seongbuk-gu showed a greater preference for fast food than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. In terms of preferences for particular types of fast food, children from Seongbuk-gu liked hamburgers more than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu so that there were significant differences among districts (p<0.05). With regards to the frequency of intake of the various types of fast food, there were differences in hamburger, pizza and chicken among three districts (p<0.05) and children from Seongbuk-gu ate fast food 1 to significant 2 times more often than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. 2) There were significant differences in the regularity of mealtimes between districts (p<0.05), with children from Seongbuk-gu showing more irregularity in their mealtimes than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. There were significant differences in the frequency of snack intake (p<0.05), and children from Seongbuk-gu tended to take a snack 1 to 2 times more often than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. 3) In the frequency of fast food intake in accordance with obesity, there were significant differences between the obesity index (p<0.05). In particular, children who were underweight had a tendency to eat more fast food. There were significant differences between the frequency of fast food intake depending on children's pocket money (p<0.05), and children who took fast food more than twice a week tended to have more pocket money. According to these results, we report there are partly different trends in the consumption of fast food and food habits among the districts in Seoul. Therefore we suggest that different interventions be implemented within the different districts to reduce reliance on fast food restaurants and to address the perceptions of healthy eating as well as time and convenience barriers.