• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.151-156
• /
• 2009

Samhaeju is a traditional Korean noble rice wine, in which its processing is performed at low temperatures for an extended fermentation time and with three brewing steps. In this study, Samhaeju was prepared by different brewing methods that were modified from the method in the literature. Chemical composition of samples were determined to evaluate the quality of the Samhaeju. The Samhaeju was analyzed for pH, total acids, amino nitrogen, Hunter color values, free sugars, organic acids, and volatile components. Before the addition of the second and third mashing, pH values had decreased slightly and total acids had rapidly increased. Free sugar and amino nitrogen contents were high in final product. After addition of the third mashing as the advanced step, a dilution effect was shown. Glucose (A: 0.77-7.0%, B: 0.77-3.81%) was a major free sugar, and lactic acid (A: 0-2,840mg%, B: 0-3,375mg%) was a major organic acid during the entire period of fermentation. Based on principal component analysis of electronic nose data for the components, the stages of Samhaeju fermentation were primarily separated along the first principal component (PC, proportion : 98.67%). The first PC component (PC1) was moved from negative value(-6.16) to positive value(9.00) with increasing fermentation time. The change patterns for pH and total acid during the fermentation period were similar to those of PC1 from the data obtained by electronic nose based on mass spectrometry.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.228-235
• /
• 1998

Objectives: Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid was evaluated as to the effectiveness of diagnostic modalities, lymphatic spread pattern, and therapeutic decision according to tumor size. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a clinicopathologic findings of 72 papillary microcarcinoma patients who were treated at the over 11 years between 1985 and 1995. The authors divided papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid into two subgroups according to tumor size: $0{\leqq}5mm$ and $5<0{\leqq}10mm$. An analysis including age and gender distribution, diagnostic tools(thyroid sonogram, thyroid scan, thyroid function test, fine needle aspiration cytology, frozen section), pathological examination of lymphnode, and surgical procedures was carried out in each subgroups. Results: The carcinoma of smaller than 5mm were found in 32 patients, and of 6 -10mm were in 40 patients. The average age of patients was 45years and all of them were female. Cold nodules on thyroid scan were noticed in 53 patientss and normal findings were in 15 patients. Suspicious malignant lesions(fine calcification, solid mass, irregular margin) on thyroid sonography were detected in 23 patients and the sonography was more useful in detecting $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions than other diagnostic methods. FNAC were performed in 17 patients, and 7 patients were diagnosed as having thyroid papillary cancer. But diagnotic rate in $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions was very low(one of eights).Frozen section were performed in all patients, among these 15 patients were diagnosed as being benign diseases and false negative rates were higher in $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions than in $5<0{\leqq}10mm$ sized lesions(p-value<0.006). Only thyroidectomies were performed in 24 patients and thyroidectomy with node dissections in 48 patients. The lymphnode metastatic rates were much higher in multifocal lesions(61.5%) than in single lesion. The incidence of cervical lymphnode metastasis was 19.4% in $0{\leqq}5mm$ sized lesions and 47.9% in $5<0{\leqq}10mm$ sized lesions. Postoperative management were performed with TSH suppression therapy(T4, synthroid) in all patients and RI therapy in 29 patients. Conclusion: On the basis of our study, improved preoperative diagnostic tools for papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid was helpful in the choice of surgical treatment. As a result of techninological progress(ultrasonography, FNAC), the pencentage of the discovery of papillary microcarcinoma has been increased. The thyroid ultrasonography was useful in detecting small sized lesions($0{\leqq}5mm$), but FNAC may not be beneficial in detecting small sized lesions($0{\leqq}5mm$). In the surgical procedure, thyroid lobectomy alone should be avoided because of the high rate of bilaterality and multifocality.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.238-246
• /
• 2012

Once oil is spilled into marine environment, it experiences various weathering processes among which evaporation is the most dominant process in the initial stage of weathering. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of evaporation on the physicochemical properties of spilled oil using standardized laboratory experiments. Laboratory evaporation process was successfully reproduced using controlled rotary evaporation method. In case of Iranian Heavy crude (IHC), evaporation rate after 48 hours was $29.3{\pm}0.4%$ (n=40, p<0.001). Evaporation was simulated using ADIOS2 weathering model and the result was in agreement with laboratory experiment. Chemical composition changes of petroleum hydrocarbons including alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and biomarkers by evaporation rate were also analyzed. As oil evaporated, low molecular weight alkanes and PAHs decreased, while biomakers showed conservative characteristics. Among biomarkers, $17{\alpha}(H)$, $21{\beta}(H)$-hopane was used for calculation of weathering rates, which matched with evaporative mass losses. Weathering rate calculation using hopane showed that stranded oils of weathering stage I (28.9%) and mesocosm oil weathering experiment till 5 days (26.5%) were mainly affected by evaporation process.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.63-71
• /
• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between bone mineral density and remaining teeth in Korean adults. Methods: Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES) 5th Year 1(2010), 1,985 adults over 50 years old having bone mineral density test were selected. Male adults were 883, and female adults were 1,102. The raw data consisted of general characteristics of the subjects, bone density data, and oral examination data. The questionnaire consisted of general health survey, laboratory examination study, and nutrition study. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program for multiple regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test. The variables included general characteristics of the subjects, health behavior, diet habit, and oral health behavior. General characteristics consisted of gender, age, residence area, education level, marital status, monthly income, and vocation. Health behavior consisted of smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index(BMI), physical activity, and mental health. Diet habit consisted of frequency of meal, milk, coffee, and calcium ingestion. Oral health behavior consisted of frequency of tooth brushing, use of oral health care devices, and oral examination. Systemic diseases were measured by the questionnaire for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Bone density was measured in T-score of femoral bone, neck of femur, and lumbar vertebrae. Bone density was classified into normal($T-score{\geq}-1.0$), osteopenia(-2.5 < T-score < -1.0), and osteoporosis ($T-score{\leq}-2.5$). The remaining teeth were measured by the differences between normal teeth and missing teeth. Results: Smoking and age are the most influencing factors on the number of remaining teeth and bone density(p<0.01)(p<0.05). Those who had higher bone density, younger age, and nonsmoker significantly had more remaining teeth. Those who were men, diabetic, lowly educated women, and low birth weighted persons tended to have less number of teeth(p<0.01). Conclusions: The study suggested that there were significant differences between men and women according to the oral health management behavior and systemic disease control. Proper management of the oral health and good quality of bone mineral density can reserve the remaining teeth through the whole life.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.52 no.1
• /
• pp.18-27
• /
• 2020

The correct distinction of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and ccarbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) and the rapid detection of CPE are important for instituting the correct treatment and management of clinical infections. Screening protocols are mainly based on cultures of rectal swab specimens on selective media followed by phenotypic tests to confirm a carbapenem-hydrolyzing activity, the rapid carbapenem inactivation method, lateral flow immunoassay, the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight test and molecular methods. The CPE is accurate for detection, and is essential for the clinical treatment and prevention of infections. A variety of phenotypic methods and gene-based methods are available for the rapid detection of carbapenemases, and these are expected to be routinely used in clinical microbiology laboratories. Therefore, to control the spread of carbapenemase, many laboratories around the world will need to use reliable, fast, high efficiency, simple and low cost methods. Optimal effects in patient applications would require rapid testing of CRE to provide reproducible support for antimicrobial management interventions or the treatment by various types of clinicians. For the optimal test method, it is necessary to combine complementary test methods to discriminate between various resistant bacterial species and to discover the genetic diversity of various types of carbapenemase for arriving at the best infection control strategy.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.13-22
• /
• 2020

A total of 244 cereal samples (oat, sorghum, adlay, and proso millet) were collected from fields to examine the contamination of Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals during harvest season in 2017 and 2018. The contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEA) were analyzed individually by using the immunoaffinity column clean-up method with ultra performance liquid chromatography, and fumonisins (FUM) were analyzed by using the QuEChERS method with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Highest level of NIV contamination (120.0-3277.0 mg/kg) was observed in oat samples among the analyzed cereals. In the adlay samples, DON contamination was the highest (maximum level 730.0 ㎍/kg). The proso millet samples had a high frequency of detection of NIV and ZEA (61.5% and 57.9%, respectively), but the levels were low (average detection level of NIV, 75.6 ㎍/kg, for ZEA, 21.5 ㎍/kg). Among the cereal samples, sorghum had the highest contamination frequency of DON, ZEA, and FUM, and the co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxin was 70.0%, which was higher than the average of 29.9%. In order to safely manage Fusarium mycotoxin levels in cereals, continuous research on the development of contamination prevention technologies together with monitoring of mycotoxin contamination is needed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.791-796
• /
• 2003

Polyphenol oxidase isoforms were purified from the lotus roots using 50% acetone precipitation, conventional chromatographies of Q-Sepharose and hydrophobic interaction, and high performance liquid chromatographies of Mono-Q and Superdex 75 gel-filtration. Molecular mass of a purified PPO isoform (LPIII-2) was determined to be 56 kDa using gel-filtration chromatography. The active form of LPIII-2 appeared to bea heterodimer, as purified LPIII-2 on SDS-PAGE gel showed two bands that were determined to be 28 kDa and 26 kDa. To further characterize PPO, partially purified PPO isoforms (LP-II, LP-III) were obtained from Q-Sepharose anion-exchange chromatography. In substrate specificity, the partially purified PPO isoform LP-II showed a high affinity to catechol, while LP-III showed a high affinity to pyrogallol. The optimum pH of LP-II and LP-III was pH 7.0. Interestingly, the partially purified PPO isoforms showed high activities at low temperatures $(0{\sim}5^{\circ}C)$, and as temperatures rose, the activities decreased. Both PPO isoforms were stable at $40^{\circ}C$ and were inactivated by incubation at $60^{\circ}C$ for 40 min.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.125-135
• /
• 1977

Recently, culture of Undaria pinnatifida, one of the representative esculent sea weed, has been prevailing in tile east and south coasta of Korea and reached the mass culture stage. In this study, compositional quality factors for food were studied and the contributory effects of blanching and pigment fixatives in the quality retention of cultured Undaria pinnatifida are discussed. When the place and time of harvesting were the same, cultured pinnatifida showed scarce difference in the chemical composition comparing to tile naturally grown Undaria pinnatifida, but cultured Undaria pinnatifida shelved a considerable difference depending upon the cultured places. In the chemical composition of Undaria pinnatifida, the alginic acid comprising about $40\%$ of the whole solid materials seemed to be responsible for the compositional puality. The chlorophyll and carotenoid content of the clutured Unaria pinnatifida were considerably lower than that of the naturally grown Undaria pinnatifida and wass inferior in puality by color to the naturally grown one. Dried Undaria pinnatifida contained a considerable amount of amino-N, mannitol, and soluble minerals and it is considered that these components play a great role in the relish effects. It could also be evaluated as a good albuminous source for food science the dried pinnatifida contains about $18\%$ of crude protein. In the analysis of free amino acid composition of dried Undaria pinnatifida, the naturally growm samples showed so what higher levels in all amino acid content than the cultured samples. The contents of theronine, alanine, and glutamic acid were major in quantity wherease histidine cysteine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were minor. The contents of such amino acids like serine and proline were particularly low or undetectable. The results of amino acid analysis of the acid hydrolysates of dried Undaria pinnatifida in quantity of individual amino acid showed te same pattern as that of free amino acid. It is noticed that Undaria pinnatifida seemed to contain good quality protein since the contents of essential amino acids were considerably higher and uniform. By blanching the fresh sample, the water soluble components brought about cousiderable loss, and, particularly, it was noteworthy that both mannitol and soluble minerals apparently decreased. In the pigment analysis of the dried sample, blanching was effective to retain chlorophyll and carotenoid. The addition of pigment fixatives in blanching solution such as Ca-gluconate, Ca-carbonate, and Ca-hydroxide did not exhibit much effect on the pigment retention except that Ca-carbonate shelved some effect only in the early stage of storage.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.15-30
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study is to provide basic information on clothing preference to help teachers suggest clothes that help students adapt better to school life, and to get basic data specific to Home Economics curricula and how teenagers' attitude toward clothes correlate with their conformity to school as a whole. The survey of 587 students was conducted between December 17-24, 2012 in Gwangju. The data was analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 for window program: frequency, means, factor analysis, cluster analysis, Chronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, and ANOVA. There were significant differences in the many adolescents's adapted to school life based on the clothing behavior conformity and the attitude toward the name-brand. The results showed that, if it is not extreme, adolescents had the more the clothing behavior conformity on peer & mass media than less, they did well adapt on school life. And the group of more preference for the name-brand clothing result in low school discipline adaptation but high peer and teacher relationship. In adaptation of learning, they were not different significantly based on attitudes toward the name brand.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.43 no.7
• /
• pp.1132-1137
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was to assess the need for nutritional education in male workers living in Busan, Korea. This study surveyed 310 industrial workers at five companies in Busan using a questionnaire. According to the results, need for nutritional education scored 3.60/5.00 points. The usage rate of mass media as a means of acquiring nutritional information was significantly higher (P<0.001) in subjects in their 50s compared to other age groups. Regarding scores on need for nutritional education according to theme, 'balanced eating habits' showed the highest score, followed by 'food safety', 'diet therapy related to a disease', and 'food hygiene and food poisoning prevention'. In terms of frequency of nutritional education, 29.0% of subjects considered 'biannually' to be desirable, whereas 25.8% and 21.0% considered 'annually' and 'quarterly' to be desirable, respectively. The results of this study suggest that nutritional education for industrial workers should be implemented in various ways in accordance with their characteristics. Furthermore, considering workers' low awareness levels of the need for nutritional education, employees are required to take the education in order to encouraged to improve their nutritional status and commit to a desirable diet.