• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the functionality of fermented black garlic extracts under various conditions. Black garlic powder was prepared by aging for 0~72 hours at 80℃ depending on relative humidity (RH). It showed the highest antioxidant effects among the samples; the total antioxidant activity of black garlic powders at RH 75%, 84%, and 90% for 72 hours was increased 31.9 times, 28.2 times, and 22.6 times compared with that of the fresh garlic powder, respectively. Also, the alliin content was gradually decreased. S-ally-L-cysteine and S-ethyl-cysteine levels were increased; the highest values were 495.9 ㎍/g and 1,769.7 ㎍/g after aging for 72 hours at RH 75%. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were increased following high fat diet feeding, but the rise was obviously reduced by administration of black garlic extract. The total cholesterol, LDL/VLDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride contents in serum were significantly lower in methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet treatment groups than in the positive control group. The concentration was increased following the intake of black garlic and fermented black garlic extracts. Therefore, black garlic extracts could be an ideal material as a dietary supplement in healthy functional foods to improve the effects on fatty liver.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.239-247
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• 2019

Objectives: Allium jesdianum (Aj) is a medicinal plant that has highlighted pharmacological features. In this study, the effects of Aj extract were examined on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatic failure in rats. Methods: Methanolic fraction of hydro-alcoholic extract of Aj was obtained by silica gel column chromatography method. Animals were randomly divided into four groups each containing six rats and treated by gavage as follows: the first and second groups received normal saline, the third and fourth groups were received with 50 and 100 mg/kg of Aj extract, respectively. After two consecutive weeks, the groups 2-4 were given a single dose of APAP (2 g/kg). After 48 hours, blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histological examinations. Results: The findings of the study demonstrated that APAP caused a significant increase in ALT (P < 0.001), AST (P < 0.001), LDH (P < 0.001), ALP (P < 0.001) serum levels, hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO; P < 0.001) and nitric oxide (NO; P < 0.001). In this regard, APAP led to the depletion of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC; P < 0.001), glutathione and total thiol groups (TTGs; P < 0.001), and structural change in the liver. In the Aj extract groups, a considerable improvement was found in the hepatic function alongside the histopathologic changes. Conclusion: This investigation indicated that the influential effects of Aj extract in APAP-induced hepatic failure might depend on its effect on improving oxidant/antioxidant balance in hepatic tissue.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.238-242
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• 2005

5-HT2A is one of major serotonin receptor that is involved in the action of serotonin-targeting drugs. Previous clinical studies have shown an unexpected association between lower cholesterol level and psychiatric diseases, in which T102C polymorphism of HTR2A, gene of 5-HT2A serotonin receptor, might be involved. Therefore, we hypothesized a potential association between lower cholesterol level and T102C polymorphism. The effect of the T102C polymorphism on the serum lipid profiles of 646 subjects without specific psychiatric disease was investigated. Genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. There were significantly lower levels of total cholesterol ($193.6{\pm}35.0$ versus $202.1{\pm}45.5\;mg/dl$, p = 0.016) and HDL-cholesterol ($42.7{\pm}11.6$ versus $46.3{\pm}12.7\;mg/dl$, p = 0.004) in CC genotype than non-CC genotypes. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that the CC genotype is a strong predictor of a lower HDL-cholesterol level (p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study shows that the CC genotype of the HTR2A gene is related to lower HDL-cholesterol level in Koreans. This is the first demonstration showing the potential genetic relationship between the serotonin receptor gene polymorphism and the HDL-cholesterol level.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2010

Object : This study was to evaluate the effect of Ginseng Radix, aqueous extracts of the root part of Panax ginseng on the 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil(PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods : Aqueous extracts of Ginseng Radix(GR; yield = 11.70%) were administered, once day for 42 days from 2 weeks before start of PTU treatment as an oral dose of 300 and 150 mg/kg(body weight), and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10mg/kg for 28 days. The changes in the body weight, thyroid gland weights, serum levels of thyroid hormone-thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), tri-iodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine(T4), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL), high density lipoprotein(HDL) and triglyceride, liver antioxidant defense system-lipid peroxidation, $H_2O_2$, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were observed with histopathology of thyroid glands. Results : Results were compared with LevoT4 0.5mg/kg treated rats. GR extracts suppressed the decreases in the body weight, thyroid gland weights, T3 and T4, TG, liver $H_2O_2$ and SOD activities as results of PTU treatment. And GR extracts suppressed the increases of HDL contents, liver CAT activities, thyroid gland weight as results of PTU treatment. In addition, marked hyperplasia of follicular cells with decreases of follicular colloid contentsand sizes were demonstrated at histopathological inspections. However, these PTU-induced histopathological changes related to hypothyroidism were dramatically decreased by treatment of both different dosages of GR extract, respectively Conclusions : This study suggest that GR extracts have favorable effects on the thyroid hormone productions with beneficial effects on the hypothyroidism mediated by the modulatory effects on the antioxidant defense system.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2011

Objectives This trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Red Ginseng by oriental medical obesity syndrome differentiation on obese women as compared to placebo. Methods 50 obese women were recruited and randomized to receive Korean Red Ginseng(n=24) or placebo(n=26) for 8 weeks. Anthropometric factors, serum lipid, glucose, blood pressure, pulse rate, resting metabolic rate, Korean version of obesity-related quality of life(KOQOL) scale and oriental medical obesity syndrome differentiation questionnaire were measured at baseline and 8 weeks. Adeverse events and safety outcomes variables were also checked during trials. Results and Conclusion There was significant efficacy of Red Ginseng on obese women in body weight, body fat mass, waist-hip ratio, food intake, KOQOL as compared with baseline. But there was no efficacy as compared with placebo group except KOQOL. There was no difference of efficacy compared with the oriental medical obesity syndrome differentiation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.411-415
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• 2010

The present study was devised to determine the effects of body weight, organ weight, hematological values and biochemical parameters by vitamin E and selenium (Selevit) in the ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups. Intact group (n=10) received no treatment and operation. Sham group (n=10) received only sham operation and no treatment. OVX group received operation and no treatment. OVX+Selevit received operation and Selevit. The body weights of the all group increased, and that of OVX+Selevit group was the lowest rates. There were significant differences (P<0.01, P<0.001) of body weights between OVX+Selevit group and all other groups. Also, organ weights such as heart, liver, spleen and kidney were measured. The heart and liver weight were significantly lower (P<0.01, P<0.001) in the OVX+Selevit group than in the Intact and Sham group. Also, the kidney weight was significantly lower (P<0.05, P<0.01) in the OVX+Selevit group than in the all other group. On the other hand, there was no significantly difference in the organ weight of spleen between the OVX+Selevit group and the other groups. The number of WBC was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the OVX+Selevit group than in the all other groups. The hematological values of RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC were no significant differences in any groups. The biochemical parameters of serum total protein and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in the OVX+Selevit group as compared to that in the OVX group. But, there were no significant differences in AST and ALT in any groups. We conclude that vitamin E and selenium were significantly decreased the body weights in the ovariectomized rats. Our findings suggest that vitamin E and selenium may influence the process of lipid packaging and absorption in the ovariectomized rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.417-421
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to determine the changes of body weight, organ weight, hematological values and biochemical parameters by testosterone (Testos) on the orchidectomized (Orch) rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups. Intact group (n=10) received no treatment and operation. Sham group (n=10) received only sham operation and no treatment. Orch group received operation and no treatment. Orch+Testos received operation and testosterone. The body weights of each group increased, but that of Orch+Testos group was significantly lower in Orch+Testos group than in all the other groups. There were significant differences (P<0.05, P<0.001) of body weights between Orch+Testos group and all the other groups. Also, organ weights such as heart, liver, spleen and kidney were measured. The heart weights were significantly lower (P<0.001) in the Orch+Testos group than in all the other groups. The liver weights in the Orch+Testos group were significantly differences in comparison with those in the Sham (P<0.001) and Orch group (P<0.05). On the other hand, there were no significantly differences in the organ weights of spleen and kidney between the Orch+Testos group and the any other groups. The hematological values of white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were no significant differences in any other groups. The concentrations of serum total protein and albumin increased significantly (P<0.05) in the Orch+Testos group as compared to that in the Orch group. However, there were no significant differences in Ca, IP and Mg in any other groups. We conclude that testosterone was significantly decreased the body weight in the orchidectomized rats. Our findings suggest that testosterone may influence the process of lipid packaging and absorption in the orchidectomized rats.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.397-407
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• 1996

This study was attempted to investigate the effect of Composite Preparation (Sam Whang Sasim-Tang: SWST, Whang Ryun Haedok-Tang: WRHT) on the activities of GOT and GPT, the content of total lipids, triglyceride, total cholesterol. Phospholipid and ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ in the serum, and the change ratio of body and liver weight in the experimentally induced hyperlipemic rats, making use of the extract 150, 200, 300 and 500 mg/kg p.o. Significant test was performed by comparision with the values of corresponding experimentally hyperlipemic rats. The activities of S-GPT was significantly decreased in all dose of SWST and WRHT respectively. The activities of S-GPT was significantly decreased in dose of SWST 500 mg/kg and in all dose of WRHT respectively. The content of total lipids, triglyceride, total cholesterol and phospholipids were significantly decreased in all dose of two the extract. The rate of decrease on total lipids and triglyceride were remarkable in dose of SWST 300, 500 mg/kg and WRHT 200, 500 mg/kg, and then the content of total cholesterol was more remarkable in dose SWST 300, 500 mg/kg, and WRHT 150, 300 mg/kg, and the content of phospholipids was more remarkable in dose of the extract 150, 200 and 300 mg/kg. The content of ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ was significantly decreased in dose of WRHT 150, 200 and in all dose of SWST. Increase ratio of the body and liver weight were significantly decreased in dose of two the extract 300, 500 mg/kg respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.340-340
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• 1994

Since total hepatic ischemia(IS) occurs with transplantation, there has been interest in evaluating hepatic function after ischemia and subsequent reflow of blood. Four groups of animals were studied: group 1 (sham), group 2 (30mins IS), group 3 (60mins IS), and g.cup 4 (90mins IS). Serum transaminase(STA), wet weight-to-dry weight ratio(W/D), lipid peroxides(LPO), glucose-6-phosphatase(G-6-Pase) activity, Na$\^$+//K$\^$+/-ATPase(ATPase) activity were measured at 1, 5 and 24hrs after hepatic ischemia. Significant changes occurred between 1 and 5hrs of reperfusion. STA was 3579${\pm}$401, 4593${\pm}$675 and 6348${\pm}$808 U/L in group 2, 3 and 4 respectively. These changes were ischemic time-dependent manner. W/D in group 3 and 4 were significantly increased than that in sham group at all time points measured. In sham group, the level of LPO in the liver microsome remained constant at approximately 0. 5nmole MDA formed/mg protein througllout the experiment, In all ischemic groups on the other hand, the level of LPO started to increase at ischemia and markedly increased at all reperfusion period. Similar to STA, these changes were also dependent on duration of ischemia. Although G-6-Pase activity remained unchanged in both group 2 and group 3 until 5hrs of reperfusion, marked decrease in G-6-Pase activity was observed at grcup 4. ATPase activity was significantly decreased at 1, 5 and 24 hrs of reperfusion in group 3, whereas it was not changed in group 2. Furthermore, ATPase activity in group 4 started to decrease at ischemia and markedly decreased for entire reperfusion period. These data suggest that severity of hepatocellular injury is associated with period of ischemia as well as period of reperfusion.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.77-89
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• 2016

Objectives: The present study was conducted to examine whether Haedoksamul-tang (HS), a traditional oriental herbal medicine, have beneficail effects on anti-inflammation and dyslipidemia in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ICR mouse. Methods: Twenty four 8-week old male ICR mouse were divided into four groups: normal untreated; LPS treatment only; HS 10 mg/kg plus LPS treatment; and HS 30 mg/kg plus LPS treatment. HS was orally administered per day for 2days. Twenty-four hours after LPS injection (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.), all the mice were sacrificed, and serological changes were evaluated. The levels of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription protein 1 (SREBP-1) activity and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase a (ACCa) expression were analyzed in Western blot analysis. Results: HS inhibited oxidative stress in the liver of LPS-induced ICR mice. The LPS-induced ICR mice exhibited the increase of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity and COX-2, iNOS, TNF-a, MCP-1 expressions in the liver, while HS treatment significantly inhibited them. Moreover, The administration of HS significantly decreased the elevated serum triglyceride and down-regulated the levels of SREBP-1, ACCa in the liver of LPS-induced ICR mice. Conclusions: In conclusion, HS could have hepato-protective effects against the oxidative stress-related inflammation and abnormal lipid metabolism.