• 한국조경학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.23-34
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• 2004

In this study, 1 dependent variable and 9 independent variables were established to examine suitable illuminance by spaces in urban parks in consideration of night users' psychological reactions and activity types. Such fixed variables were evaluated by a series of experiments of changing illuminance, and correlation among those variables was verified by correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis to suggest suitable illuminance by spaces. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The independent variables influencing suitable illuminance by spaces in urban parks were directly influenced rather by the psychological reaction of night users than the activity types by spatial functions. 2) Securing suitable illuminance by spaces commonly increased spatial availability, created certain atmosphere, and provided safety in the psychological reaction of night users. 3) Suitable illuminance by spaces in urban parks is: Central square is 31.88lx, resting space 6.30lx, exercising space 33.14lx, children's playground 14.19lx, pedestrian road 12.29lx, entry space 16.30lx, and green space 7.03lx. That is, when a place had more positive activities, spatial illuminance was increased. 4) Though comparison by spaces with the illuminance standard for urban parks as mentioned in KS A 3011-1993 can not be made, such illuminance was relatively compatible with the permissible range of illuminance in the author's opinion. It is expected that this study investigating suitable illuminance by spaces for night use in urban parks, will provide necessary knowledge for securing suitable illuminance by spaces in urban parks through classifyingin detail the illuminance standard of KS A 3011-1993. Besides, by helping make us aware of the importance of illuminance in urban parks as well as of external space in the night, this study will contribute to academic research and development in the field of landscape architecture and associated fields and be utilized in establishing legal and institutional standards.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.92-99
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• 2001

This study analyzed the effects of illumination on psychological accessibility from a view of satisfaction of night use at urban neighborhood park for actual night users. For this, we have classified the effects of illumination as five sampled independent variables from 12 effects of illumination, and tested the relationship with satisfaction of night use of a dependent variable by multiple regression analysis. The results of this study are as follows; 1) The effects of illumination for night use at urban neighborhood park were divided into five factors; (1) direct effect, (2) effect of promoting use, (3) effect of ensuring security, (4) effect of preparing landscape in the night time, and (5) psychological effect. Among independent variables indicating characteristics of effects of each illumination, uneasiness at night use was high. 2) In a multiple regression model, when other conditions were not changed, the value of security of night use (X\ulcorner) had maximumly an affect on the value of dependent. And, the value of danger to meet the depraved(X\ulcorner) had minimally an affect on the value of dependent variable. 3) For the contribution of security of nigh use(X\ulcorner) and brightness of present using space(X$_4$) to satisfaction of night use(Y) of dependent variable, they had a nearly equal effect on that, and showed about 2 times importance compared to familiarity with park(X\ulcorner) and the beauty of park(X\ulcorner). Also, they showed about 7 times contribution to satisfaction of night use compared to danger to meet the depraved(X\ulcorner), which had minimally an affect on the value of dependent variable, as the most important variables. 4) For the effects of illumination on satisfaction of night use, the effect of ensuring security - pursues security of park for the general rather than security for the specific class or subject - and direct effect to offer proper brightness in using space relatively affected on it much compared to psychological effect, effect of preparing landscape in night time, and effect of promoting use. A research on the psychological effects among the variables related to illumination as well as physical circumstances such as the height, location, direction of illumination should be studied.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2003

This study researches attributes , behaviors , satisfaction factors and degrees of curiosity of visitors to recreational forests in the suburbs of a large city. It aims to present suggestions for urban forest development and management policy by offering basic data which help to plan, design and manage recreational forests to increase the quality of these environments. The results are as follows First, in attribute, the visiting rate of males is higher than that of females, and the main users are in their thirties and forties. Sixty percent of visitors graduated from university and their rate of employment is evenly distributed. 95 percent of visitors are residents of the metropolitan area. In terms of behavior, major visitors are family units visiting during summer seasons and for overnight stays. 75% are re-visitors. 85% of visitors came to escape the city with families and friends, keep in good health and experience nature. Second, to extract the factors affecting visitor satisfaction in recreational forests, the natural environment, facilities, and management/use systems were identified as independent variables, while subordinate satisfactions were dependent variables. so regression analysis was used. Thus, the variables affecting the natural environment are quality of water, stream use, biodiversity, fresh air and landscape factors. The variables affecting facilities are puking, convenience, play facilities, sanitary arrangement and camping. Most important among the variables affecting management/use systems are educational facilities and access condition. On the basis of generalizing the study in the existing individual site, we must verify the visiting characteristics in recreational forests in the suburbs of a large city. Since development of recreational forests is understood as a sequence considering a site and a given condition, and since management and improvement must unfold according to these characteristics, a strategy is needed to reveal visitors' opinions about the site. Depending on the facilities and service, satisfaction of recreational forests is generally influenced by social and economic qualities. Also, this study can look into the effect according to use pattern motive and season. As suburban recreational forests have many overnight-users and younger men, programs suitable for these groups are needed. On the basis of variables affecting satisfaction according to natural environment, facilities, and use system, policies which can manage the natural environment and introduce educational programs are needed.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.65-75
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• 1993

This study was carried out to analyze the user's perception of crowding in lawn areas in parks. On-site questionnaire survey was executed to study the variables which influence the Perception of Crowding(PC). The survey sites were lawn areas at and in Bo-mun Resort Complex in Kyung-ju. The major results were as follows; 1. Generally, in site's frequency of use, 2-3 times a year ranked as the highest (49%), and in user's residence, Busan and Pohang were highly ranked. As the purpose of visit, two survey sites showed differently. In , family picnic ranked high, but in case of , it had the tendency to the use of adult group and the rally for union. 2. By the results of the analysis of variables related to perceived crowding(PC), perceived density(PD) was the most influensive variables, nuisances by other users(NU) and expected crowding(EC) were another influensive variables. The candidate regression model is, PC=-0.125+0.597(PD)+0.409(NU)+0.307(EC) (R2=0.4592). 3. In variables, related to use density, perceived density(PD) was more influensive and significant variables than actual use density(AD). 4. In planning and design of lawn areas in park, is recommended than . The lawn areas of are more desirable and accommodative than in overuse situation.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제18권3호통권39호
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• pp.143-154
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• 1990

This study aims at identifying factors and variables which have significant effects on users satisfaction with recreational activities and facilities in Apsan city natural park and therby establishing indicies of planning and / or development of urban forest. To test the causal models of this research, The data were gathered by self-administered questionnaires from 1,147 households in Taegu city which were selected by the multi-stage probabiling sampling method. The analysis of the data primarily consist of two phases : The first analysis dealt with exploratory factor analysis which identified major factors involved in satisfaction with recreational activities and facilities in Apasn city natural park and the second analysis tested the fit of causal models of this research to the data using LISREL methodology. The factor analysis identified that three significant factors are involved in satisfaction with recreational activities and five significant factors are inherent in satisfaction with recreational facilities. The second phase analysis tested the fit of the causal models for satisfaction with recreational activities and facilities to the data and identified statistically significant causal linkage among overall satisfaction with the park, other indogenous factors and exogenous variables. These significant relationships represent important factors and variables that should be considered in planning and/of development of the city natural park. On the basis of there significant causal relationships implications for planning and/or development of the city natural park were suggested.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect factors in suburban rural landscape and significant factors of apartment complex which are effective to the skyline of the sloped mountains. Also it is to propose the basic resources to preserve and improve the suburban rural landscape. The target site is Young-In, which shows the typical of rural development. Sides were take in young-In City along the roads and selected for 20 pieces. This study used questionnaire about the suburban rural landscape surveying of 45 students in Kyunghee Univ.. Also we found 2 dependent variables and 8 independent variables totally. Moreover, we have analyzed the data using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression method between the preference and physical factors, and between the vulnerability and perceptional factors. The results are as follows: 1) With the dependent variable of preference, the areas of "green space" and "agricultural productive lands" were highly influenced in the suburban rural landscape positively, but the areas of "apartment complex" and "other buildings" were negatively effected. 2) With the dependent variable vulnerability, the area "apartment complex" and cutting numbers of the "skyline of mountainous ridge" were proved as significantly positive factors, but the length of the "skyline of mountainous ridge" turned out to be a negative factor. Although this study has the difficulty to be generalized, it can be used for planning and designing of the apartment complex in suburban rural landscapes, and it will provide the basic guideline for preserving and managing of the suburban rural landscapes.uideline for preserving and managing of the suburban rural landscapes.

• 농촌계획
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2019

Although the General Agricultural Fishing Village Development Project had a significant impact on the landscape formation and management in rural area, the rural landscape planning and project sectors was not stable by fluctuation variables. On the basic understanding the institutional status of rural landscape planning, some conclusions could be discussed as follows through the analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes and the background factors. The rural landscape plan lacked its own legal and institutional foundations, and the landscape project of the General Agricultural Fishing Village Development Project was mainly focused on the environment-improving H/W project for expanding the basic living infrastructures. In order to reflect the characteristics of the region and become independent rural landscape management, it is necessary to change the contents so that the S/W business such as the deepening landscape awareness and empowerment linked with improving the physical landscape. To this end, it is necessary to establish a foundation for the rural landscape planning system to have its own status, and it seems to seek to supplement with what is included S/W contents reflecting the context of higher level landscape planning. The landscape sector of the General Agricultural Fishing Village Development Project proved to be in the process of shrinking in both quantity and quality, despite the temporary expansion in the past. In addition, considering the distortion of the contents of landscape projects in rural sites, it seems that the rural landscape-related public project are now in a position to seek a new phase change beyond quantitative expansion. In particular, along with institutional improvements to secure the independent status of rural landscape planning that contributes to village community regeneration and social sustainability through the role of intermediary support organizations in landscape management activities. Through the integrated landscape plan, which is established in advance and led by the residents in the early stages, there is a need to change the direction to enhance meaning of the landscape planning goes beyond the facility design or space improvement.

• 농촌계획
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.29-40
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• 1998

The landscape of rural settlement incurred the loss and worsening of its main feature in the modernization which was progressed by the inner and outer cause - the growth of urbanization and improvement of living and dwelling environment. This study investigates the visual characteristic of land-use in rural and analyzes relations between visual quantities by land-use and a pre(essence of landscape. And it is suggested the basic data of a planning and a management in rural by making clear characteristics and influences of landscape preference elements The visual characteristic of landscape elements that is based on the rural land-use is classified harmony, variety, variables and particulate. And it is classified the object of landscape by recognizing images of landscape produce space, natural environment, settlement place and cultivated land of a special products. In the analysis of landscape preference, it appears that the harmony has a great influence on a suburban, a rural, a mountainous district, and a hamlet in psychology elements and the volume of forest area in visual elements. As a result, it requests rural scenes in harmony with the natural environment. So, the landscape planning which has the regional development and the identity as the rural settlement can be represented by the preservation and development of regional feature.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.21-32
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• 2009

Coastal sand dune area is the important ecosystem as an ecotone which located between coastal area and terrestrial area. Moreover, it is very complicate landscape that have geomorphological interaction between erosion and accumulation of sand. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the sand dune ecosystem in view point of landscape scale including background landscape affecting origin of sand dune. Landscape ecological approach in the complicate ecosystem already started in developed countries, and it is applied to land management and biodiversity conservation strategies even in national scale. In this paper, landscape ecological analysis using landscape pattern analysis was carried out on 7 study areas (Yellow Sea : Hakampo and Doksan, South Sea : Namyeol and Balpo, East Sea : Hosan, Hupo and Goraebul) in Korean coastal sand dune ecosystem. Landscape elements were composed by 9 elements in these study areas. Major background landscape elements was the forest land and agricultural field. Namyeol (S06) has larger patch landscape compare to other areas. In patch shape indices, Hupo (E10) shows more complicate patch shapes. The high landscape heterogeneity showed in the Doksan sand dune area and that of Hosan. It shows that these areas were composed by various patch types. However, using landscape indices have to use very carefully because several variables have influence to the result such as scale and spatial pattern of study areas. Although landscape analysis through landscape indices shows sometimes difficult to explain the ecosystem, landscape scale approach on ecosystem assessment still useful to interpret in ecological process in large range of habitat.

• 농촌계획
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to find the bi-polar adjectives for rural stream landscape evaluation by the semantic differential scale and to suggest the major determinants of visual preference in rural stream landscapes. For this, the bi-polar adjectives for rural stream landscape evaluation was found by the method of the reliability test, and the spatial image was analyzed by the factor analysis. The level of visual preference was measured by slide simulation test, and these data were analyzed by the multiple regression. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows : 1) Of the bi-polar adjectives expressing psychological and physical characteristics, the hi-polar adjectives which demonstrated reliability and consistency run as follows : Bi-polar adjectives expressing psychological characteristics : 'calm-bustling', 'unfamiliar-familiar', 'still-active','depressing-brisk', 'discomfortable-comfortable', 'suppressed-free', 'lifeless-living', 'quiet-noisy', 'unpleasant-pleasant'. Bi-polar adjectives expressing physical characteristics : 'artificial-natural', 'narrow-wide', 'rocky-not rocky', 'desolate-fertile', 'dirty-clean', 'enclosed-open', 'flat-steep', 'not gravelly-gravelly', 'thicketed-not thicketed', 'not weedy-weedy'. 2) Two factors, the harmony and the movement, were derived from the factor analysis for the psychological variables. Three factors, the naturalness, the rock, and the vegetation, were derived from the factor analysis for the physical variables. 3) Rural stream landscape types were classified into four types by the multi-dimensional scaling method. Type III, IV obtained higher rank of visual preference and type I, II obtained lower. 4) For all types, the factors determining the level of visual preference were found to be the harmony, the naturalness, and the vegetation. The visual preference determinants of rural stream landscape need to be considered in improving or restoring the rural stream landscapes.