• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.13-23
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• 2018

Objectives The Eum-Yang (Yin-Yang in English) temperament was shown to have clinical and structural validity with Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), however the studies of the association with behavior problems and personality structure in adolescents were not satisfactory. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between Eum-Yang temperament and behavior problems in Korean middle school students. Methods 122 first grader of middle school students (68 boys and 54 girls) completed SPQ, Junior version of Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI), and Youth Self Report (YSR). The correlations between SPQ, JTCI, and YSR subscales were investigated. And, also the differences between SPQ, JTCI, and YSR subscales among Yang (high 30% of SPQ total score) and Eum (low 30% of SPQ total score) temperament groups classified with SPQ total score were examined. Results The SPQ total score were correlated with Novelty-Seeking (r=.321) and Reward-Dependence (r=.392) in boys, and with Novelty-Seeking (r=.427) and Harm-Avoidance (r=-.444) in girls. The SPQ total score were not significantly correlated with Body Mass Index, Ponderal Index and YSR total, however significantly correlated with YSR Internalizing problems and Withdrawal/depressed subscale (r=-.242 and r=-.419) in boys and Withdrawal/depressed subscale (r=-.449) in girls. There were significant differences between Eum and Yang groups in Novelty-Seeking, Harm-Avoidance and Withdrawal/depressed as for boys and girls. Conclusions The biopsychological structure of SPQ was confirmed with middle school students. The behavioral (SPQ-B) and emotional (SPQ-E) perspectives of Eum-Yang were found to be protective and risk factors, and also correlated with Externalizing and Internalizing behavior problems, respectively. The biopsychological characteristics of Eum-Yang temperament and its relation with psychopathological symptoms in late-childhood should be carefully analyzed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.67-78
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• 1998

The purpose of this study were 1) to examine the effect of the socio-demographic variables on the adolescent's aggressiveness and victimization, 2)to find the relation among maternal behaviors adolescent's self-esteem aggressive-ness and victimization 3) to analyze the influences of these variables on adolescent's aggressiveness. The subjects were 478 boys and girls attending at junior/middle school in kwang-ju city. Statistics used for data analysis were frequencies means standard deviation Perason's correlation, F-test stepwise multiple regression analysis, major findings were as follows; 1. There were significant differences in Adolescent's aggression and victimiza-tion due to the sex of adolescents and school achievement. 2. There were significant relationships among maternal behaviors adolescents' self-esteem aggression and victimization. 3. The variables influencing adolescent's aggression were maternal authoritarian behavior school achievement the sex of adolescent self esteem and victimization.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.71-81
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• 2008

This study checks if the PITR (Person in the Rain) test can diagnose the stress caused by school-work for middle school students, in that the PITR responses correlates with the degree of stress. The subjects in the study are 483 middle school thirdgraders from 8 middle schools in Daegu city. Research tools used are an Academic Stress Scale and a PITR test. For data analysis is adopted with t-test and Chi-square test. The results from the study are as follows. First, the stress of middle students scores 2.47/4 that means that the school stress is average, and there is no gender difference in scores. Second, PITR test shows that boys draw more rain than girls, straight rain with stronger wind, hide face more, no good facial expressions more often than girls. Girls on the contrary show more stable lines, bigger puddles, place protections more appropriately. Third, those with higher academic stress use more unstable strokes, less number of or insufficient direct protections than those with less academic stress, and draw indirect protection such as umbrellas before rain or clouds. The study concludes that a PITR test can be useful in diagnosing the academic stress of middle school students.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.143-154
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• 2021

This study attempted to develop winter jackets and pants patterns reflecting the latest comfortable and active school uniform trends, using middle school boy avatars having various body shapes. Jacket and pants pattern-drawing methods and margins differed. Based on the results, research prototypes were prepared. Then, virtual wear prospective drawings, clothing pressure, and appearance were assessed according to body shape. Jackets were assessed using 25 factors, while pants were assessed using 19. Then, correlations between the jackets and pants were analyzed. According to the analysis, the reason why the dart & tuck position and margin were rated low was confirmed. In a virtual wear assessment on jacket patterns by body shape, a significant difference was found in all categories, except for fit and shape at the front bottom, sleeve length on the side, and the center back line. The virtual wear assessment on the pants patterns by body shape also revealed a significant difference in all categories, except for pants length. In jackets, a significant influence was observed around the shoulders and waist in Type 1 and around the belly in Type 2. On the contrary, for pants, a significant influence was found around the hip and waist in Type 1 and around back crotch in Type 2. Therefore, they should be considered when making of jackets and pants. The above results suggested that jacket and pants patterns should vary depending on body shape. It is anticipated that there should be further studies comparing brand-name school uniforms for middle school girls and school uniforms by body shape.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.15-26
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• 1974

Through the questionaire inquiry from April 1st to 10th, 1974 with 393 students in Woonho, Saekwang junior and senior highschool and Daisung, Ilshin girls' junior and senior highschool in Chungju, Choong Cheong Buk Do, I surveyed the general circumstances of students and their unbalanced diet on total 199 foods and causes of the unbalanced diet and regard the 21 boys and 29 girls who don't like to eat more than 30 foods from the given 47 protein-foods which are needed by students who are now in the stage of growth. This study is concerned with their circumstances and the causes of their ill habit of eating. 1) As to their distribution of age, 14 and 18 year old boys were six (28.5%), 11 and 13 year old girls were eleven (38.1%). In the survey on their height, 6 boys (28.5) were from 146 cm to 150 cm and 11 girls (38.1%) were from 146 cm to 150 cm. On the weight, 7 boys were from 36 kg to 40 kg(33.7%), 10 girls were from 36 kg to 40 kg (34.0%). We can see that ill habiters of eating were more weaker than other students from this data. 2) In the survey of educational level of their housewive it was found that number of graduates of the primary school is thirty (60.0%). So we can derive the fact that they don't make any variety in their daily table for their family. 3) As to their living standard, 19 boys (90.4%) and 27 girls (93.3%) belong to the middle class, low and high class were a little. This indicates the general living standard if Korea, because in common sence we regard the riches are the more ill habiters of eating. 4) 8 boys (36.8%) and 8 girls (26.8%) were the first children in their homes. This indicates the fact that housewive happen to make the first child as the ill habiter of eating because their lack of experience to give various food for their children. As to the survey on their infant nutriments, 41 students (80.2%) were fed by mother's milk. 5) Upon the causes of the unbalanced diet on a certain food, 34 boys (82.7%) and 45 girls (64.6%) were because of appearing to that food, 10 boys (40.8%) and 18 girls (61.5%) were because of the characteristic fragrance, 11 boys (52.4%) and 17 girls (58.1%) were because they have never eated that food till now, 34 boys (19.3%) and 5 girls (17.0%) were because of the bad appearance of the food. So housewive should study various ways of cooking daily meals at home and try to give their children who are in the stage of growth to be able to eat wider kinds of foods for the improvement of health.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of eating behavior, physical status and tendency of eating disorder on the right eating habit. The subjects of this study were 324 middle school students and 340 high school students in Osan city GyeongGi province. The average of weight and height in the middle and high school students were 48.7kg, 160.0cm and 56.8kg, 164.8cm respectively. In PIBW values, 92.9% of middle school students and 99.1% of high school students were almost close to the average. The 28.5% of high school and 21.5% of middle school students were aware of themselves as overweight. The risk of eating disorders in high school students(16.4%) were higher than that in middle school students(4.9%). Moreover, the risk of eating disorders in girls high school students(19.3%) was significantly higher than those of middle school students(5.2%) (p<0.001). The thought of food problems were realized in 57.4% of in high school students and in 39.9% of in middle school students. The intake of food group frequency, middle school students ate more fruit than high school students(p<0.01). Boys ate more frequently soy beans (p<0.05) and algae(p<0.1) than girls in high school students. The meat intake was more frequent in high school students, but the eggs and milk were more in middle school students. The boys' intakes of fish and milk were more often than the girls' in high school students. Eating disorders and food intake frequency scores were closely correlated with weights(PIBW and the gap of ideal. weight with real weight). In conclusion, the education about realizing exact healthy body shape and how to modify behavior to prevent eating disorders should be planned since junior high school. Especially in high school girls, the variety food intake education would be needed. Proper recognition of the weight is required for good food intake and for prevent eating disorders.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.105-117
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the gender differences of elementary, junior high, and high school students in the artificial intelligence ethics awareness (hereinafter referred to as AIEA). This is a study to investigate whether there is a gender difference in the AIEA, and if so, when the gender difference will occur. This study was conducted with 198 elementary school students (98 female students, 100 male students), 265 middle school students (166 female students, 99 male students), and 114 high school students (58 female students and 56 male students) in I Metropolitan City. The results are as follows: First, a gender difference in the AIEA between all boys and girls was confirmed. Second, the gender difference in the AIEA tended to be solidified as the school age increased from elementary school to middle school and high school. Third, female students at all stages of elementary school, junior high school, and high school are not yet very reliable in artificial intelligence, and there is a greater concern about non-discrimination than boys. It turns out that they have a negative position on permission to enter the territory. Fourth, the interaction effects of school age and gender have been identified in 'stability and reliability,' and in 'permit and limit' categories. Taken together, these results show that an educational strategy that approaches the gender equality perspective of the educational program is necessary so that there will be no gender difference in the AIEA during artificial intelligence education activities.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.12-24
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this study was to validate the biopsychological structure of Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) measuring Yin-Yang temperament with Junior version of Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) for temperament and Body Mass Index (BMI) and Pondera Index (PI) for physical constitution in elementary school students. Methods 903 Korean elementary school students (430 boys and 473 girls) completed SPQ, JTCI, and height and weight measures. Then they were analyzed by their genders and age groups. The correlation between SPQ and JTCI subscales were examined. The differences found in the SPQ and JTCI subscales, BMI and PI among high (30%), middle (40%), and low (30%) SPQ groups were investigated by analysis of variance. The profile analysis was also performed to compare JTCI subscale profiles of three SPQ total score groups. Results The SPQ score was significantly (p<0.001), and positively correlated with the JTCI Novelty-Seeking and negatively with the JTCI Harm-Avoidance. The JTCI Novelty-Seeking score of high SPQ group was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that of low SPQ group, and the JTCI Harm-Avoidance score of low SPQ group was significantly higher than that of high SPQ group. The JTCI subscale profiles for three SPQ groups were significantly (p<0.001) different for boys and girls. Significant correlations between BMI and SPQ were not found. PI and BMI of high and low SPQ groups were not significantly different. Conclusions The SPQ was shown to have robust biopsychological structure in elementary school students. It would be useful clinical measures for Sasang typology in pediatric patients.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.246-257
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• 2016

Objectives The Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) measures the Yin-Yang temperament of Sasang typology with proven structural and clinical validity in adults, however it was not examined with teenagers. The purpose of this study was to validate the biopsychological structure of SPQ in middle school students.Methods 681 Korean high school students (356 boys and 325 girls) completed SPQ, Junior version of Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI), and height and weight measures. The correlation between SPQ and JTCI subscales were examined, and the differences of SPQ and JTCI subscales, Body Mass Index (BMI) and Pondera Index (PI) among high (30%), middle (40%), and low (30%) SPQ total score groups were investigated with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The profile analysis was also performed to compare JTCI subscale profiles of three SPQ total score groups.Results The SPQ score was significantly (p<0.001) correlated positively with JTCI Novelty-Seeking and negatively with JTCI Harm-Avoidance. The JTCI Novelty-Seeking score of high SPQ group was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that of low SPQ group, and the JTCI Harm-Avoidance score of low SPQ group was significantly higher than that of high SPQ group. The JTCI subscale profiles for three SPQ groups were significantly different for boys and girls. Significant correlations or differences for the PI and BMI among SPQ groups were not found.Conclusions This study presented that the biopsychological structure of SPQ is robust as shown in adults. The SPQ would be a useful clinical measures of Sasang typology in pediatric patients.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.233-245
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• 1997

This study was designed to observe the nutritional knowledge, dietary life, and health condition in the middle school students. The subjects of this study were sampled out from co-ed middle schools in Seoul. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. The subjects take breakfast everyday by 50.4%, and their lunch depends very largely upon a lunch box by 95.2%. They take supper every evening by 79.0%. 2. The nutritional knowledge of subjects exhibits a significant difference by sex and region 3. The physical health condition of students exhibits a significant difference by sex and grade. 4. The mental health condition of students also exhibits a significant difference by sex, grade, and region. The school is required to endeavour for the student to have a correct understanding of nutritional knowledge form good dietary life. The government also should exert incessant efforts for school meal supply for their balanced nutrition.