• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.269-284
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• 1997

The ambient concentrations of gaseous and particulate phase ionic species and gaseous organic species in the Yochon industrial estate were measured during the spring ans summer of 1996. A three-stage filter pack sampler was used to collect particles and gaseous species, and stainless steel air sampling containers were used to collect air samples for organic species analyses. The concentrations of ions in aerosol wree comparable to those measured in Seoul. Aerosols measured were acidic, thus, most volatile acidic species were in the gas phase. The concentrations of organic species were highly variable, implying those were strongly dependent on the emissions of organic species from petrochemical plants. The concentrations of a few hazardous organic components were higher than those in Seoul or some populated areas in USA.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.453-459
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• 2006

D-tryptophan and N-CBZ-D-phenylalanine were separated using ionic liquid as additives for the mobile phase in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ionic liquid of 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (${[BMIm]}^+{[BF_4]}^-$) was used. Mobile phases were 65％, 70％, and 80％ methanol in water with addition of different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, and 15.0 mmol/L) of the ionic liquid. The experiments were performed on stainless steel column, $3.9{\times}300mm$ i.d., packed with $15{\mu}m$ octadecyl-bonded silica gel at laboratory.The retention factor of D-tryptophan was not negligibly changed while that of N-CBZ-D-phenylalanine was decreased. The resolution between the two components were affected by the contents of methanol and ionic liquid in the mobile phase. With the small content of methanol and the high concentration of ionic liquid, the resolution was improved.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1997

Precipitation samples were collected by the wet- only event sampling method from Seoul during September 1991 to April 1995. These samples were analyzed for the concentrations of the major ionic components (N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , N $O_2$$^{[-10]}$ , S $O_4$$^{2-}$, C $l^{[-10]}$ , $F^{[-10]}$ , N $a^{＋}$, $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2＋}$, $Mg^{2＋}$, and N $H_4$$^{＋}$), pH, and electric conductivity. During the study period, a total of 182 samples were collected, but only 163 samples were used for the data analysis via quality assurance of precipitation chemistry data. The volume-weighted pH was found to be 4.7. The major acidifying species from our precipitation studies were identified to be non-seasalt sulfate (84$\pm$9 $\mu$eq/L) and nitrate (24$\pm$2 $\mu$eq/L) except for chloride. Because the Cl/Na ratio in the precipitation was close to the ratio in seawater. If all of the non-seasalt sulfate and nitrate were in the form of sulfuric and nitric acids, the mean pH in the precipitation could have been as low as 3.7 lower than the computed value. Consequently, the difference between two pH values indicate that the acidity of precipitation was neutralized by alkaline species. The equivalent concentration ratio of sulfate to nitrate was 3.5, indicating that sulfuric and nitric acids can comprise 78％ and 22％ of the precipitation acidity, respectively. Analysis of temporal trend in the measured acidity and ionic components were also performed using the linear regression method. The precipitation acidity generally showed a significantly decreasing trend, which was compatible with the pattern of the ratio (N $H_4$$^{＋}$＋C $a^{2＋}$)/ (nss-S $O_4$$^{2-}$＋N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ ).).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1996

In order to investigate the chemical components of acid precipitation at Samchok City in Korea, the rainwater was collected according to 3mm rainfall from september 1994 to december 1994. pH, electric conductivity were measured and ionic components were analyzed by Ion chromatography. As the analytical results, the average value were 6.27 for pH, 53.16 S/cm for E.C., the average concentration were 393.42 eq/1 for C $l^{[-10]}$ , 18.41 eq/1 for N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ , 91.44 eq/1 for S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$, 335.92 eq/1 for N $a^{+}$, 65.66 eq/1 for N $H_{4}$$^{+}$, 18.22 eq/1 for $K^{+}$, 120.49 eq/1 for $Mg^{2+}$ and 147.04 eq/1 for $Ca^{2+}$. pH value correlated negatively with rainfall amount and the component of C $l^{[-10]}$ and N $a^{+}$ were transported to urban air by the seasalt. It showed that S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ and N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ had influence on acidity of precipitation, 73% and 27%, respectively, in this area. Ion Concentration of N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ was higher than S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ in the early rain, S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ was higher than N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ in the succeeding rain by multi-regration analysis. the percentages of removal by percipitation were higher in N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ than in S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$./TEX> 2-/.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the contents of minerals and ionic components in domestic commercial natural mineral waters, and to investigate the relationship between water quality and characteristics of suspended and rocks there of its source. All mineral waters tested in this study met the korean mineral water quality guideline, although chemical components varied widely depending upon the geological characteristics and degree of urbanization of the source area or physical water treatment method. The water quality of commercial bottled water was different from that of source water, especially in cationic components, and showed a tendency to become worse with time elapsed. The water quality on the bottle was also different from the measured quality.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.230-235
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• 1993

The atmospheric aerosol samples during the Yellow Sand Phenomena in April 1993 were analyzed, and they were compared with those during the normal time. The conclusions are as follows: 1) TSP concentrations in the case of Yellow Sand Phenomena appeared to be 2.2times higher than those of normal conditions. 2) The concentration of aerosols; Inorganic components of soil-originated elements (Ca, Fe, Mn, Mg, K) during the Yellow Sand Phenomena were measured to be 1.9-2.1times higher than those during normal time. 3) During the Yellow Sand Phenomena the EF values of soil-originated metal contents except for elements Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn in the atmospheric aerosol were close to unity. 4) The concentrations of $Ca^{2+}, SO_4^{2-}, F^-$ in water soluble ionic components were higher than those during the normal time. 5) Washout factor by rain fall during the Yellow Sand Phenomena were estimated to 1268. 6) During the Yellow Sand Phenomina average deposition was 37.8ton/$km^2$.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.55-61
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• 1996

Measurements of the seasonal variations of concentration and size distribution of TSP, $SO_4^{2-}, NO_3^-, Cl^-, NH_4^+, Na^+, K^+, Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ were made by Andersen air sampler from May 1995 to April 1996 in Seoul. The size distribution of these ions was divided into four patterns. 1) Distribution was concentrated on fine particles over a year such as $NO_3^-$ component, 2) Distribution was predominated in coarse particles fraction over a year such as $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ components, 3) Distribution was differerent from various seasons such as $NH_4^+, SO_4^{2-}, Cl^-$ and $K^+$ components, 4) Distribution was bi-modal such as $Na^+$.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.1285-1292
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• 2003

This study was compared each ingredient's local/seasonal change characteristics by analyzing anions and cations, watersoluble ionic components, from the precipitation of Dangjin and Anmyeon-do areas. The samples were collected for 8 months from both spots between the period of April 1, 2002 to November 31, 2002. The precipitation samples were collected continuously through the entire duration of precipitation by using the wet-only automatic samplers. When rain continues to fall over 24 hours or occasionally, we considered those collected from 9 o'clock in the morning for 24 hours as the day's samples. As a method to verify for the reliability of the analyzed data is concerned, we use the ion balance method and the electricity conductance method, was used widely as a way of watching the atmosphere by the WMO(World Meteorological Organization)/GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch). Also, Dangjin and Anmyun-do area confirmed that contains artificial pollutants by analysis of ion concentration data.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.93-105
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• 1993

The present study was performed to investigate the properties of ionic currents elicited by voltage pulses in the unfertilized eggs of mouse and hamster by using the whole cell voltage clamp techniques and to find out if there are any differences in properties between eggs of the two rodents. In addition, the modulatory effect of G proteins and protein kinase C (PKC) on the ionic channels were observed. The inward current in hamster eggs was shown to be due to $Ca^{2+}\;current\;(i_{ca})$). The current voltage relations of these currents in hamster egg were analogous to those in mouse eggs. The amplitude of $i_{ca}$ in the hamster egg was larger than that in the mouse egg ($-3.12{\pm}1.07\;nA\;vs.\;-1.71{\pm}0.71\;nA,\;mean{\pm}\;SD$). These results suggest that the $Ca^{2+}$ channels in both kinds of eggs have similar channel properties but their density, and/or conduct ance per unit area is higher in hamster eggs than in mouse eggs. Outward currents in eggs of both mouse and hamster were carried by $K^+$. In hamster eggs, they appeared to comprise at least two components; a transient outward component ($i_{to}$) and a steady state component ($i_{\infty}.$ The $i_{to}$ was found to be dependent on intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration; whereas on the other hand $i_{\infty}\;was\;Ca^{2+}$-independent. $Ca^{2+}$ currents were increased in eggs treated with GTP (or $GTP{\gamma}S$) or fluoroaluminate ($AIF_4^-$). In the hamster egg these increments were antagonized by GDP (or $GDP{\beta}S$) application. In contrast to the enhancement of $i_{ca},\;i_k$ was reduced following GTP (or $GTP{\gamma}S$) perfusion in mouse eggs. The transient component ($i_{to}$) in hamster eggs was increased by adding GTP but decreased by phorbol ester, TPA or dioctanoyl glycerol (DOG). Simultaneous application of $GTP{\gamma}S$ and DOG suppressed $i_{to}$ more effectively than a single application or DOG or TPA. From the above results, we have shown that ionic currents elicited by voltage pulses existed in the unfertilized eggs of mouse and hamster. There are at least two types of currents, $i_{ca}\;and\;i_k$ in mouse eggs, while three types, $i_{ca},\;Ca^{2+}$-dependent $i_k$ and $Ca^{2+}$-independent $i_k$ exist in hamster eggs. ionic channels in these eggs may be regulated either directly by GTP and PKC or indirectly by the substances linked with GTP and PKC.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.394-395
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• 2009