• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.411-420
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• 2003

In 1990, the City of Bucheon, Geonggi Province, became the first local government to create its own C.I Soon afterwards, this idea of having one's own C.I spread to the rest of the localities in Korea. Now, in 2003, 218 local governments have created their on Corporate Identities. It was an effort on the part or each local government to give a sense of belonging to the local community by creating a C.I which embodies, symbolizes and represents what is most unique about the locality and its community. It is something that each member of that community can identify himself or herself with. It is also something with which people from other localities can readily recognize that local community as this or that, thus increasing the brand-name-value of the locality. A friendly and easily recognizable C.I has an indirect effect of making the local government more accessible to the ordinary people, at least psychologically, overcoming the traditional image of overbearing officialdom of the bureaucracy. In this article, we propose to investigate whether the 218 local government C.Is, which have been created since 1990, have actually effected the above kinds of possible changes in the local governance or not. To that end, we will examine all 218 local government C.Is if they are successfully symbolizations of the local characters and identities. We will also try to point out sly problems, if there are any, and propose some alternative approaches to the designing of Local Government C.Is, by analyzing the mutual similarities in the very shapes and colors among all the 218 local government C.Is. It is our hope that this analyses will be of some use in the future formulations of the local policies for a more responsive local governance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.43-54
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• 2018

The accurate estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration ($ET_o$) is essential in irrigation water management to assess the time-dependent status of crop water use and irrigation scheduling. The importance of $ET_o$ has resulted in many direct and indirect methods to approximate its value and include pan evaporation, meteorological-based estimations, lysimetry, soil moisture depletion, and soil water balance equations. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been intensively implemented for process-based hydrologic modeling due to their superior performance using nonlinear modeling, pattern recognition, and classification. This study adapted two well-known ANN algorithms, Backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and Generalized regression neural network (GRNN), to evaluate their capability to accurately predict $ET_o$ using daily meteorological data. All data were obtained from two automated weather stations (Chupungryeong and Jangsu) located in the Yeongdong-gun (2002-2017) and Jangsu-gun (1988-2017), respectively. Daily $ET_o$ was calculated using the Penman-Monteith equation as the benchmark method. These calculated values of $ET_o$ and corresponding meteorological data were separated into training, validation and test datasets. The performance of each ANN algorithm was evaluated against $ET_o$ calculated from the benchmark method and multiple linear regression (MLR) model. The overall results showed that the BPNN algorithm performed best followed by the MLR and GRNN in a statistical sense and this could contribute to provide valuable information to farmers, water managers and policy makers for effective agricultural water governance.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.15 no.1_2
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• pp.19-29
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• 2000

Acetanilide may be released into the environment through air and wastewater from its production and use sites as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and dyes. Acetanilide is biodegraded rapidly under aerobic conditions and decomposed by indirect photolysis in the presence of OH radicals. An estimated bioconcentration factor of 4.5 suggests that bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms is low. Ecotoxicological data on acetanilide exist on acute toxicity to fishes of 4 species only. According to the EUSES system, the lowest PNEC (Predicted no effect concentration) in fishes is 0.01 mg/1 and PEC (Predicted environmental concentration) for surface water on a regional scale is 9.1$\times$10$\^$－5/mg/l as the worst case. RCR (Risk characterization ratio) of acetanilide for surface water on a regional scale was estimated as 9.1$\times$10-3, which is safe enough for fishes, RCR on a local basis slightly exceeds the value 1 in water and sediment; that is, 1.3 and 1.6, respectively, which suggests the existence of ecotoxicological risk at the vicinity of the manufacturing site. For the refinement of environmental risk assessment on acetanilide, more data should be collected regarding prolonged fish toxicity, acute toxicity toward daphnia and algae. It is, therefore, recommended that acetanilide should be a candidate for further work to supplement the lacking data until it is proved to be safe in the ecotoxicological aspects.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.37-56
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• 2006

Introducing International Style, P. Johnson and H. R. Hitchcock gave three standards to be the Modern, volume and surface, regularity, and exclusion of applied decoration. In spite of the negation of stylistic, formal approach in the Modernist Manifestoes, one usually have understood Modernity in Architecture with its formal character, especially with no ornament and flat, abstract, white surface. Modernism as a new paradigm in architecture have emphasized that there is no representation of anything outside and only present architecture in itself. They said that Modernism only cared about the language of Architecture without figural reference. So apparently there is no way to prove to its Modernity with formal condition. Modernity is in Spirit and contents. But actually we understand well its existence by visual communication This study deals with this difficult situation how Modernity represents itself without visual media and asks the question how simultaneously it presents its thingness and materiality In order to analyse contradictory situation between representation and presentation in Modern Architecture we need to survey the historical process of changing position of ornaments and its meaning in time. With the crisis of representation the role of ornament have seriously changed and divided. It caused the two situation in pre-Modern Architecture. Firstly, Architecture tend to be a high art and formal expression became important much more. The Use of Ornament became a kind of fashion to show the power, class, money. Secondly, Ornament lost its cultural weight and the structure and material aspect became the central in architecture. Rational Structuralism would be the essential character in Modern Architecture. Here the theory of G. Semper and A. Loos on cladding(dressing) and Ornament can help its problems and limits. In the situation without conventional ornament Modernists need to present modernity with new media that only show the thing itself and by that it does not represent any thing else as like the value, idea outside buildings. They believed that only it concerned esthetics and morality in architecture. But in reality it referred to art and machines as like ships, aircraft, and cars. By excluding Ornament and showing the process of clearing, abstract, flat, white surface 'represent' Modernity by the indirect way referring the concept of transparency, reason, sanitation, tectonics, etc. An Ideology and myth intervened architectural discourse to make the doxa about the representation in Architecture. Surface must be a different kind of media and message that can communicate in different way with compared to conventional Ornament. Decorated Shed by R. Venturi and Post-Functionalism by P. Eisenman, that are the most famous post-modern discourse, shows well difficult and contradictory condition in contemporary architecture concerning representation and form, meaning and form.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.29
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• pp.59-86
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational culture, organizational trust and organizational performance of special guard organization. This study had selected special guards from 4 different private guard companies which are in Seoul area on March 2011. Using Judgement Sampling, 161 samples were drawn for the use of final analysis. Questionnaire used in this study was consisted of the total 42 question, and executed frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, path analysis by SPSSWIN 18.0. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ value which represents the reliability of the survey came out to be over .592. The results are following: First, the organizational culture of special guard organization affects organizational trust. That is, when a developmental, reasonable, consensual and hierarchical culture is activated, cognitive emotional and behavioral trust is increased. Second, organizational culture of special guard organization affects organizational performance. That is, when a reasonable and consensual culture is activated, job-satisfaction becomes higher. On the other hand, when a developmental, reasonable and hierarchical culture is activated, organizational flow becomes higher. Third, organizational trust of special guard organization affects organizational performance. That is, when a cognitive emotional and behavioral trust works highly, job-satisfaction and organizational flow is increased. Fourth, Special security organization's organizational culture affects as a result in organization result. As well as organizational culture exerts direct influence on organization outcome, I exert effect that is indirect in organization outcome through action trust which is low rank factor of organization trust.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2007

Energy supply is increasingly showing up as a major issue for electricity supply, transportation, settlement, and process heat industrial supply including hydrogen production. Nuclear power is part of the solution. For electricity supply, as exemplified in Finland and France, the EPR brings an immediate answer; HTR could bring another solution in some specific cases. For other supply, mostly heat, the HTR brings a solution inaccessible to conventional nuclear power plants for very high or even high temperature. As fossil fuels costs increase and efforts to avoid generation of Greenhouse gases are implemented, a market for nuclear generated process heat will be developed. Following active developments in the 80's, HTR have been put on the back burner up to 5 years ago. Light water reactors are widely dominating the nuclear production field today. However, interest in the HTR technology was renewed in the past few years. Several commercial projects are actively promoted, most of them aiming at electricity production. ANTARES is today AREVA's response to the cogeneration market. It distinguishes itself from other concepts with its indirect cycle design powering a combined cycle power plant. Several reasons support this design choice, one of the most important of which is the design flexibility to adapt readily to combined heat and power applications. From the start, AREVA made the choice of such flexibility with the belief that the HTR market is not so much in competition with LWR in the sole electricity market but in the specific added value market of cogeneration and process heat. In view of the volatility of the costs of fossil fuels, AREVA's choice brings to the large industrial heat applications the fuel cost predictability of nuclear fuel with the efficiency of a high temperature heat source tree of Greenhouse gases emissions. The ANTARES module produces 600 MWth which can be split into the required process heat, the remaining power drives an adapted prorated electric plant. Depending on the process heat temperature and power needs, up to 80% of the nuclear heat is converted into useful power. An important feature of the design is the standardization of the heat source, as independent as possible of the process heat application. This should expedite licensing. The essential conditions for success include: ${\bullet}$ Timely adapted licensing process and regulations, codes and standards for such application and design ${\bullet}$ An industry oriented R&D program to meet the technological challenges making the best use of the international collaboration. Gen IV could be the vector ${\bullet}$ Identification of an end user(or a consortium of) willing to fund a FOAK

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.619-627
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• 1996

There are increasing use of composite resin in the posterior teeth and the new indirect inlay technique was introduced for compensating much troubles faced in direct technique. Many researchers insisted that overall properties of restorative materials were enhanced by an additional curing but this technique still has a problems about using cement material. Resin inlay obtains retention force from friction and another adhesion to tooth structure. A shape of cavity preparation was noted but studies about cement thickness and bond strength with cavity divergency are rare. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of cavity divergency on cement thickness and bond strength of resin inlay. Cavities, which divergency was $6^{\circ}$, $16^{\circ}$, and $26^{\circ}$ in each group, were prepared and their divergency was verified by Adobe Photoshop program through the image capture with stereo microscope and FlexCam. Inlays were fixed into the cavities with a resin cement, Superbond and were handled under chemical (in 75% ethanol for 24 hrs.) and thermal stress (500 cycles from $5^{\circ}$ to $55^{\circ}C$). MXT 70 (x400) was used for measuring the cement thickness and bond strength was evaluated with a universal testing machine. Following results were obtained : 1. The cement thickness in Mean (S.D.) were; 35.58 (10.31)${\mu}m$ in $6^{\circ}$ group, 35.97 (10.49)${\mu}m$ in $16^{\circ}$ group, and 41.43 (9.33)${\mu}m$ in $26^{\circ}$ group. But there was no significant difference between groups. 2. The bond strength in Mean (S.D.) were ; 33.18 (5.53)kg in $6^{\circ}$ group, 23.47 (13.40)kg in $16^{\circ}$ group, and 19.75 (10.48)kg in $26^{\circ}$ group. $6^{\circ}$ group showed significantly higher value compared to $16^{\circ}$ and $26^{\circ}$ groups (p<0.05). Although the results of this study indicate $6^{\circ}$ divergency will be good for resin inlay, cavity preparation with this type will have lots of difficulties in manufacturing, try-in, and cementation procedures, such as deformation. So it is concluded that $16^{\circ}$ divergent cavity preparation is recommended in resin inlay technique.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.33-43
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• 2024

This study aims to test the relationship between brand embeddedness and cross-selling intention, as well as how customer satisfaction affects as mediator its relationship. The data set includes 258 consumers using a specific smartphone brand and we gather the data by conducting a survey. We use structural equation modeling to verify hypotheses and do nonparametric bootstrap approach for additional analysis of the mediating role of customer satisfaction. The results of analysis are as follows. First, it has been shown that barnd embeddedness positively affects customer satisfaction and cross-buying intention. Second, customer satisfaction is found to have a positive effect on cross-buying. By combining these results and additional analysis, we confirm that the direct effect of brand embeddedness is more effective for cross-buying intention than the indirect effect of customer satisfaction. The results of this empirical analysis show the academic value that brand embeddedness as social capital can be a antecedent for cross-buying intention. In addition, this study suggests the need for brand practitioners to increase the embeddedness of customers related to the brand and consider the mediating role of customer satisfaction together in order to increase cross-buying.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.37-52
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze the demand for cultural ecosystem services in urban forests based on user perception and experience value by using Naver blog posts and LDA topic modeling. Bukhansan National Park was used to analyze and review the feasibility of spatial assessments. Based on the results of topic modeling from blog posts, a review process was conducted considering the relevance of Bukhansan National Park's cultural services and its suitability as a spatial assessment case, and finally, an index for the spatial assessment of urban forest's cultural service was derived. Specifically, 21 topics derived through topic analysis were interpreted, and 13 topics related to cultural ecosystem services were derived based on the MA(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment)'s classification system for ecosystem services. 72.7% of all documents reviewed had data deemed useful for this study. The contents of the topic fell into one of the seven types of cultural services related to "mountainous recreation activities" (23.7%), "indirect use value linked to tourism and convenience facilities" (12.4%), "inspirational activities" (11.2%), "seasonal recreation activities" (6.2%), "natural appreciation and static recreation activities" (3.7%). Next, for the 13 cultural service topics derived from data gathered about Bukhansan National Park, the possibility of spatial assessment of the characteristics of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban forests was reviewed, and a total of 8 cultural service indicators were derived. The MA's cultural service classification system for ecosystem services, which was widely used in previous studies, has limitations in that it does not reflect the actual user demand of urban forests, but it is meaningful in that it categorizes cultural service indicators suitable for domestic circumstances. In addition, the study is significant as it presented a methodology to interpret and derive the demand for cultural services using a large amount of user awareness and experience data.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2022

This paper analyzed the characteristics of ancient villages in Hongcun and the method of resetting the preservation area for the preservation of the changed historical and cultural space in Hongcun through the process of change. To this end, the current status of preservation areas and utilization areas in the village was identified through ancient documents, old paintings, policy materials, and interviews related to the village, and through this, the problem of resetting the preservation area was examined. As a result, the following conclusions were drawn. First, Hongcun is a village built under the influence of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and the spatial organization was created according to the hierarchy of Confucianism. As a result, it was possible to inherit and preserve the heritage of ancestors even though the central government did not preserve it. Second, the concept of preservation in a limited sense has been applied as Hongcun has been recognized as a cultural heritage that has been passed down since ancient times, but the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution brought about changes in the village space. Since then, ancient buildings, water systems, and forests have been preserved through regulations on new construction and expansion of a building with the Hongchon preservation plan, but the development within the preservation area is underway due to changes in the lives of original inhabitants, which were followed by continued development pressure and reform and opening. Third, the original inhabitant of ancient villages had a high perception of the value of the heritage, but they demanded the preparation of measures to improve living conditions and create profits, and the active use of villages for this. Fourth, the forest consisting of old trees is being restored, but the gardens in the old house are showing a phenomenon that the garden space is reduced or transformed for use. The bridges and parking lots were newly built in the southern area, which was extended from the western area, the original entrance to the ancient village, resulting in changes in the existing entrance. This was found to be the primary cause of the spatial change of the ancient village, as the road system was modified to make it convenient for tourists to enter and exit. Fifth, the existing preservation area should be reset and preserved by resetting the preservation route centered on Wolso(half Moon Pool), while the surrounding area should be set as a direct and indirect experience space, and according to the hierarchy of each space, the utilization should proceed while the preservation is carried out by crossing the preservation and the utilization.