• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.728-732
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• 1999

The inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from wild mushrooms on mutagenicity induced by benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and N-methyl-N-nitro- nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) were investigated using Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. In Ames test, The methanol extracts of 11 mushrooms did not show any mutagenicity but The methanol extracts of Lactarius piperatus, Naematoloma fasciculare and Innotus xeranticus showed 40∼80% of inhibitory effect on the mutagenicity induced by indirect mutagen of B(a)P and also showed 60∼80% of antimutagenic activity toward MNNG irrespective of their concentrations.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1997

In order to determine the effectiveness of linoleic acid(LA) to inhibit carcinogens/mutagens-induced mu-tagenesis, Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and the SOS chromotest using E. Coli PQ37, were carried out. The inhibitory effect of LA(1%) on the Ames mutagenicity test were 98%, 78%and 69% mediated by aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4-NQO), respectively. LA exhibited a strong antimutagenic activity aganist indirect mutagen, AFB₁whereas exhibited the same concentration of LA showed weaker inhibitory effects on direct mutagens of MNNG and 4-NQO than that AFB₁. LA also reduced the SOS responses induced by MNNG and 4-NQO significantly. This result showed a possibility that LA can be a protective agent in early step of cancinogenesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.186-186
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• 2002

Di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP) is one of the most commonly used phthalic acid esters(PAEs) as a plasticizer, a solvent or a component in cosmetic formulations. MBP(monobutyl phthalate) is a major metabolite of DBP. Although DBP has been identified as a reproductive toxicant in several animal species and also known as a endocrine disruptor, the direct or indirect immunomodulatory effect of DBP has been little reported.(omitted)

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.450-455
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• 1998

Pine has been known as a traditional medicinal plant and as showing a physically beneficial function to a human being. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the physiological activities of main pine neddles. Ethanol extracts from pinus needles did net exhibit any mutagenicity. On the contrary, inhibitory effects of ethanol extract were observed on mutagenicity induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-(4,3-b)indol (Trp-P-1) and benzo(a)pyrene $(B({\alpha})P)$ using Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. On direct-acting mutagen (MNNG, 4NQO) and indirect-acting mutagen (Trp-P-1, $(B({\alpha})P)$, we observed higher inhibitory effect. Stepwise fractionation of the ethanol extract was done by using ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water to obtain effective fraction. Among them, water fractions $(100\;{\mu}g/plate)$ of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis showed high inhibition of 91.65%, 94.7%, 84.22% and 79.02%, respectively, on the mutagenicity of MNNG in Salmonella typhimurium TA100.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 1996

Mugwort has been known as a traditional substitutive foodstuff and as showing a physiologically beneficial function to a human being. Therefore, effect of mugwort extract in terms of mutagenicity and desmutagenicity was investigated to berify its function. Ethanol extract from mugwort did not exhibit any mutagenicity. On the contrary, inhibitory effects of the ethanol extract were observed on mutagenicity induced by aflatoxin $B_{1}(AFB_1)$, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole(Trp-P-1), 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole(Trp-P-2) and 2-nitroflourene(2NF) using Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. On direct-acting mutagen(2NF, 3${\mu}$g/plate), ethanol extract showed a slight inhibitory effect of 19.7~22.9%, however on indirect-acting mutagen such as AFB1(2${\mu}$g/plate), Trp-P-1(1${\mu}$g/plate) and Trp-P-2(1${\mu}$g/plate), we observed higher inhibitory effect of 47.9~61.2%, 64.1~70.7%, 67.4~78.7%, respectively. Step-wise fractionation of the ethanol extract was done by using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water to obtain effective fraction. Among them, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions showed high inhibition of 63.0~80.0%, 77.5~82.1%, and 68.5~83.1%, respectively on the mutagenicity of $AFB_1$ in Sal. typhimurium TA98. Consequently, these results indicated that mugwort extract contains some compound(s) which may show desmutagenicity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.189-193
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• 2000

Preservative and antimutagenic effects of green tea leaves added Chinese cabbage kimchi (GK1, GK2, GK3, and GK4 : 1, 2, 3 and 4 of green tea leaves (GTL) in proportion of 100 of salted Chinese cabbage were added to kimchi) were compared to those of the Chinese cabbage kimchi without GTL (control kimchi, CK). Fermentation period of GKs was further delayed than that of CK. The initial pH and acidity between GKs an CK were similar, but the time reach optimally ripened status of kimchi (pH 4.3) was different. CK took 6 days, while GK1, GK2, GK3 and GK4 took 6, 10, 12 and 14 days at 10℃, respectively. The growth of Leuconostoc sp. and Lactobacilus sp. in GKs delayed comparing to those in FCK. Among GKs, as the added amount of green tea leaves increased, the growth of lactic acid bacteria was retarded. The antimutagenic effects of juices from GKs and CK were studied against aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) in the Ames test on Salmonella typehimurium TA100 and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in the SOS chromotest using E. coli PQ37. Juices from optimally ripened GKs (pH 4.3) showed 52∼76% inhibition rates against the indirect mutagen, aflatoxin B₁ induced mutagenicity while 49% inhibition rate by CK in the Ames test. Juices from GKs and CK showed 44∼67% and 36% inhibition rate against direct mutagen, MNNG (70 ng/assay) induce mutagenicity in the SOS chromotest. Thus GKs delayed fermentation period of kimchi and exhibited higher antimutagenic activity than CK.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

To enhance our understanding of toxicity mediated through the pathway by which TCDD stimulates gene expression, we have investigated genes whose expressions are changed after treatment with TCDD and/or MNNG in human Chang liver cell. First, we treated with MNNG and TCDD for two weeks to transform human Chang liver cell. We obtained cell looks like to be transformed and compared the differential gene expression by using cDNA chip (Macrogen) which carrys genes related with signal transduction pathways, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, etc. We found that TCDD up- or down-regulated 203 and 111 genes including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in human Chang liver cell two fold or more, respectively. Second, we compared the differential gene expression after treatment with TCDD only by using cDNA chip (Superarray) which carrys genes related with cell cycle regulations, and found that TCDD up regulated genes related with cell proliferation as well as cell growth inhibition in human Chang liver cell two fold or more, respectively. These results suggest that toxicity induced by TCDD may reflect sustained alterations in the expression of many genes and that the changes reflect both direct and indirect effects of TCDD.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.287-291
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• 1998

Brining property and antimutagenic effects of organically cultivaged Chinese cabbage kimchi (OC kimchi) and common Chinese cabbage imchi (CC kimchi) were studied. The salt absorption rate of leaves was faster than that of stems of the Chinese cabbages. Due to the large portion of leaf in organic Chinese cabbage, organic Chinese cabbage(OC) was much faster in terms of salt absorption rate than common Chinese cabbage(CC). The antimutagenic effects of methanol extracts of CC kimchi and OC kimchi were studied against aflatoxin B1(AFB1) using Ames test on Samonella typhimurium TA 100 and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) using SOS chromotest. Methanol extract from 6 -day fermented OC kimchi at 15 $^{\circ}C$ showed 80% inhibition rate against the indirect mutage, aflatoxin B1 induced mutagenicit where as that from 6-day fermented CC kimchi at 15 $^{\circ}C$ showed 54% inhibition rate in the Ames test. Methanol extracts from 6-day fermented CC kimchi and OC kimchi showed 27 % and 58 % inhibition rate against direct mutagen , N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induced mutagenicity, respectively in SOS chormotest, thus OC kimchi exhibited higher antimutagenic activity than kimchi.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.257-261
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• 2001

Recently, a traditional medicine called Gouteng-san, which consists of eleven herbs, was reported to be effective in treating vascular dementia with a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gout-eng-san is also used for patients with vascular dementia in combination with Si-Wu-Tang. The effect of Gouteng-san and Si-Wu-Tang on deficit of learning behavior was investigated using step-down passive avoidance task in mice. Hot-water extract of Gouteng-san (1.5 and 6 g/kg, p.o.) significantly prolonged the step-down latency shortened by scopolamine. The extract of Uncaria hook (150 mg/kg, p.o.), one of the component herb of Gouteng-san, significantly prevented the decrease in the latency after scopolamine. Hot-water extract of Si-Wu-Tang (1.5 and 6 g/kg of dried herbs, p.o.) prevented dose-dependently scopola-mine-induced disruption qf learning behavior. Si-Wu-Tang also prevented the ischemia-induced deficit of learning behavior. Both hot water extract of peony and angelica (1.5 g/kg, p.o.), which are component herbs qf Si-Wu-Tang, prevented the scopolamine-induced learning behavior deficit. Scopolamine (10 uM) suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP) of population spike in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slices. Peoniflorin (0.1~ 1uM) extracted from paeony root significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced inhibition of LTR These results suggest that improvement of deficit of learning behavior by Gouteng-san and Si-Wu-Tang is mediated by direct and/or indirect activation of the cholinergic system in the brain.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.253-259
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• 2010

We are consistently being exposed to nanomaterials in direct and/or indirect route as they are used in almost all the sectors in our life. Nations across the worlds are now trying to put global regulation policy on nanomaterials. Sometimes, they are reported to be more toxic than the corresponding ion and micromaterials. Therefore, safety research of nanoparticles has huge implications on a national economics. In this study, we evaluated and analyzed the research trend of ecotoxicity of nanoparticles in soil environment. Test species include terrestrial plants, earthworms, and soil nematode. Soil enzyme activities were also discussed. We found that the results of nanotoxicity studies were affected by many factors such as physicochemical properties, size, dispersion method and test medium of nanoparticle, which should be considered when conducting toxicity researches. In particular, more researches on the effect of physicochemical properties and fate of nanoparticles on toxicity effect should be conducted consistently.