• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 1996

An efficient system of somatic embryogenesis was established for the red pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Nokkwang) usign immature zygotic embryos. The size of the immature zygotic embryos and the concentrations of 2, 4-D and sucrose were found to be critical. Somatic embryos were induced via callus or directly from explants and regenerated into plantlets successfully. When zygotic embryos 1~2 mm long were cultured on the modified Murashige-Skoong (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2, 4-D for 3 weeks in the dark, somatic embryos were induced directly from the apical region of zygotic embryos with the highest frequency being approximately 90%. To mature the somatic embryos, ABA and an ethylene inhibitor AgNO3 were used. The highest frequency of shoot regeneration (25% in each) resulted at 2$\mu$M ABA or 20$\mu$M AgNO3 treatment at rates 3.7 and 1.6 times control, respectively. Shoots developed mainly from the cotyledonary node on CoCl2-containing medium, and from the upper side of cotyledon on medium containing AgNO3 while the embryos on the control medium produced shoots from both the cotyledonary node and the upper region of cotyledons both at frequencies of 50%. Indirect somatic embryogenesis via callus was induced at an efficiency of approximately 10% with zygotic embryos 3~4 mm long cultured on MS medium containing 5~10 mg/L, 2, 4-D for 5~7 weeks under a continuous light condition. The plants regenerated from the somatic embryos were morphologically normal. Using scanning electron microscopy, the direct and indirect somatic embryogeneses were observed to follow the globular, heart and torpedo stages, similar to zygotic embryogenesis. Also, suspensors appeared in the early globular and ovoid-shaped late globular embryos during indirect somatic embryogenesis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.485-492
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• 2009

Estrogen has dramatic effects on the development and function of the reproductive tract in mammals. Although diethylstilbestrol (DES) triggers the development of reproductive organs in immature animals, continued exposure to DES induces dysfunction of the female reproductive tract in mice. To investigate the effects of neonatal estrogen exposure on the reproductive tract of female chickens, we implanted DES pellets into the abdominal region of immature female chicks and then examined the effects of DES on the oviducts of both immature chicks and sexually mature chickens (30 weeks old). DES induced mass growth and differentiation of the oviduct in immature chicks. The chick oviduct increased by 2.7- and 29-fold in length and weight, respectively, following primary DES stimulation. In secondary DES stimulation, the length and weight of the chick oviduct increased by 4.5- and 74-fold, respectively. Additionally, DES treatments caused abnormal development of the infundibulum and magnum in hen oviducts. Furthermore, infundibulum abnormality gave rise to unusual ovulation of follicles and resulted in infertility and dysfunction of the magnum, such as less production of egg white proteins. Our results indicate that DES exposure during early developmental stages in chickens has detrimental effects on the development and maintenance of the female reproductive tract after sexual maturation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.445-449
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• 2016

In this study, Red pearl (4x) and MBA (2x) were crossed Gangwon-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services in 2000 to compare the brewing characteristics of Cheonghyang, a seedless kind of grape registered in 2009, by maturity. Fruit characteristics of Cheonghyang were examined after the first racking and 300 days after fermentation during aging in manufacturing wine based on maturity categories of being immature, mature, and overmature after harvest between August 25 and 27, 2014. The soluble solid matter content did not differ between the first racking following manufacturing wine and during ripening, and the alcohol content following the first racking was 12.9% for immature ones, 13.0% for mature ones, and 12.7% for overmature ones., The alcohol content decreased by appropriately 1.3% to 1.8% during ripening. The total acidity content was 0.9% for immature ones, 0.8% for mature ones, and 0.5% for overmature ones following the first racking and showed insignificant variations during ripening of 0.8%, 0.7%, and 0.5%, respectively, with wine made from mature ones showing proper acidity. The volatile acid content following the first racking during ripening, showing insignificant variation by maturity; however, it decreased after ripening. The sensory evaluation detected differences in acidity of wine between mature and overmature grapes. There was no difference in sour taste between immature and mature grapes; however, overmature ones had low levels of sour taste. Our results showed that mature wine had the best overall preference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1445-1450
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• 2004

The plum (Prunus salicina L., cv. ‘Soldam’) fruits were harvested at different growth stages, and then extracted using 80% methanol, respectively. The methanol extracts of plum were investigated for their growth inhibition on 6 kinds of human cancer cells using MTT assay and for their activity to induce quinone reductase (QR) in murine Hepa1c1c7 cells. Among various methanol extracts of plum, the plum 1~4 (immature fruit), which thin out 10~25 days before final harvest, showed higher anticarcinogenic activity against 5 kinds of cancer cells than plum 5~9 (intermediate-mature and mature fruit). Especially, plum 1 and 2 were exhibited the strongest growth inhibiting activities to AGS, HepG2 and MDA cancer cells. Also the plum extracts induced the activity of QR, an anticarcinogenic marker enzyme, in Hepa1c1c7 cells while the induction of QR activities by adding plum extracts were shown to be a little difference depending on growth stages. These results suggested that methanol extracts of immature plum can be considered as an effective natural cancer chemoprevention materials.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.687-696
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• 2015

Black mini tomato 'Hei-G' fruits were harvested at different stages of maturity (immature-mature green and mature-black red) and stored at different temperatures (8, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$) to investigate the quality and lycopene content during storage. Weight loss increased dramatically at higher temperature for both harvesting stages without significant differences. Firmness of immature fruits decreased below the initial level of mature fruit (8.1N) after 5, 8, and 19 days storage, when they were stored at 20, 12, and $8^{\circ}C$, respectively. Soluble solid contents of mature fruit increased at initial storage, and were higher as compared to immature fruits before deterioration at each storage temperature. Decrease in titratable acid of mature fruits depended on storage time and temperature. However, titratable acid of immature fruits showed little change during storage, and so it did not affect flavor. Hunter a value changed greatly in immature fruit stored at high temperature. Unlike ripe tomatoes, there was no significant difference in black tomato Hunter b values of immature and mature fruit at initial and 12 days storage. However, immature fruits stored at $8^{\circ}C$ did not reach full maturity and color development and ripening. High storage temperature increased lycopene production while low storage temperature blocked lycopene development. Shelf life of the immature fruits, which was evaluated by elapsed days to conventional mature stage, was 12 and 15 days when they were stored at 20 and $12^{\circ}C$, respectively. The optimum storage temperature to maintain the quality and lycopene content of mature fruits was $12^{\circ}C$. Moreover, the shelf life of mature fruits stored at $20^{\circ}C$ could reach up to 5 days.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.53-53
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• 2002

This study was carried out to verify the incidence of oocytes when vitrified at various maturation stages. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes were recovered from ovaries at a slaughter and then divided into five groups: control group(unvitrified oocytes), 0 hr. group(composed of oocytes vitrified before the onset of maturation) and 10, 14, and 20 hrs groups (vitrified respectively at 10, 14 and 20 hrs after the onset of maturation). (omitted)

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.309-313
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• 1998

We found some larvae of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) that Injured rice crops by feeding on seeds and/or roots in the reclaimed rice fields in Seosan, Chungchongnam-do, Korea, in May 1997, Four instar larvae were collected and reared in the laboratory. This pest species of the rice plant was identified as a new species of Cricotopus, similar to C. sylvestris. The main differences are the color pattern of the abdominal tergites. Both adult and immature stages of the new species are described with illustrations.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2018

Zona pellucida (ZP), a primarily representative coat of mammalian egg and embryo, has an extremely heterogeneous morphology during different developmental stages. The objective of the present study was to compare the morphological changes of the ZP surface of immature, in vitro and in vivo matured canine oocytes by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Canine ovaries were collected from local veterinary hospitals to recover immature oocytes. The ovaries were sliced and the released cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were washed with TL-HEPES. The selected COCs were randomly divided into two groups, first group was processed immediately at immature state and the second group was processed 72 h after in vitro maturation, and compared with in vivo derived oocytes. Oocytes were fixed, critical point dried and examined under SEM. The diameters of oocyte and outer holes of the ZP were measured on a total of 249 oocytes; the results were analyzed using One-way ANOVA. Our results showed that, the diameter of immature oocytes significantly differed (p < 0.05) from that of in vivo matured oocytes ($79.60{\pm}0.77{\mu}m$ vs. $101.46{\pm}1.07{\mu}m$, respectively). Similarly, a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the diameters between those of in vitro and in vivo matured oocytes were found ($79.51{\pm}2.36{\mu}m$ vs. $101.46{\pm}1.07{\mu}m$, respectively). Moreover, the diameters of the outer holes of the ZP were significantly (p < 0.05) larger in in vivo matured ($1.48{\pm}0.42{\mu}m$) than in vitro matured for 72 and immature oocytes ($1.10{\pm}0.16$ and $0.43{\pm}0.12{\mu}m$, respectively). Taken together, these data indicates that the ZP surface is related to oocyte maturity in canine.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2004

The development of Aphis gossypii was studied at various constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 35$^{\circ}C$, with 60-70％ RH, and photoperiod of 16：8 (L：D h). Mortality of A. gossypii was high in the early developmental stages, and at high temperatures. The total immature developmental period ranged from 4.6 to 11.5 days. The lower developmental threshold temperature and effective cumulated temperature for all immature stages were 5.0$^{\circ}C$ and 106.8 degree-day, respective. The nonlinear shape of temperature-dependent development was well described by the modified Sharpe and DeMichele model. The normalized cumulative frequency distributions of developmental period for each life stage were fitted to the three-parameter Weibull function.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2024

The size distribution, maturation, and molting stages of the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio in the coastal sea of Gyeongbuk were investigated to understand its monthly and bathymetric occurrence patterns. C. opilio was collected from three depth strata (A1, 100-120 m; A2, 120-180 m; A3, 180-220 m) from May to November 2020. The average sex ratio was 0.8. The mean carapace width was largest in females in October, and in males in November. The occurrence rate of small immature crabs was the highest in A1. The ratio of ovigerous females at 75-80 mm was highest at A2 and A3. There was a significant difference in carapace width in females and depth in both sexes in September and October. The occurrence rate of immature crabs was the highest in A1, whereas that ovigerous and spawned females was higher in A2 and A3 than in A1. Very old-shelled females occurred highly in September and October. The occurrence rate of newly shelled males was higher throughout the study period. This research indicated that the size distribution, maturation conditions, and molting stages of C. opilio varied with water depth strata in the coastal sea of Gyeongbuk, Korea.