• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.506-511
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• 1997

In order to investigate the body weight change and human milk intake of breast-fed infants, we examined thirty-three infants with test-weing method in Sokcho area during the first 5 months of lactation. The average birth weight of infants was 3300g. They grew 3300, 3805, 4676, 5878, 6786, 7403, and 8111g when they became 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months old. The is human milk intake was 515, 650, 718, 731, 746 and 796g/day during the lactatin. Human milk intake of boys was significantly higher than that of girls at 1(p<0.05), 2(p<0.01), and 3(p<0.01) months of lactation. During lactatin, the number of feedings per day decrerased. The human milk intakes per feeding had increased from 54.4g at 0.5 months to 98.9g at 5 months of lactation The human milk intake on infants was not affected by gestational period and birth weight. From this survey, we found a difference between boys and girls in human milk intake.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.433-438
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Breast milk is the best available food for optimum growth and development of infants and the breastfeeding rate is increasing in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the concentrations of macronutrients and to evaluate their changes according to lactation period in breast milk from lactating Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Milk samples were obtained from 2,632 healthy lactating women (mean age; $32.0{\pm}3.3years$), where the lactating period was up to a period of 8 months, who also volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Macronutrient Analysis Research. Lactose, protein, fat and water content in the breast milk samples were analyzed with infrared spectrometry using MilkoScan FT-2. RESULTS: The mean macronutrient composition per 100 mL of mature breast milk was 7.1 g for lactose, 1.4 g for protein and 3.0 g for fat, and energy content was 61.1 kcal. The protein concentration was significantly lower in milk samples at 1-2 weeks (2.0 g/dL) to 2-3 months (1.4 g/dL) than those at 0-1 week (2.2 g/dL), but it was similar among samples from 3-4 months to 7-8 months (1.3 g/dL). Mean lipid levels varied among different lactational period groups (2.7-3.2 g/dL), but presented no significant difference. Lactose concentration in the milk samples did not differ with lactation period. Maternal body mass index was positively related to protein and lipid breast milk contents, but was negatively related to lactose content. General linear models examining the associations between maternal variables and milk macronutrient content revealed that lactation period had a major impact on protein and lipid, but not on lactose content in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: These results warrant future studies to explore factors that may be associated with changes in macronutrient content in human milk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1440-1445
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• 1998

In order to investigate the vitamin I intake of exclusively breast-fed infants, we examined 33 lactating women and their infants at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of lactation. Vitamin E contents of human milk were determined by HPLC analysis. Vitamin E contents of the milk showed 539, 520, 464, 422, 409 and 351$\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1 during the lactation respectively. Vitamin E contents of the human milk were not affected by energy, lipid and protein consumption of lactating women. Vitamin E intake of breast-fed infants averaged 3375 and 269$\mu\textrm{g}$/day in boys and girls during the first 5 months of lactation. Vitamin E intake per body weight of breast-fed infants appeared 725, 752, 600, 461, 420 and 334$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day respectively. We conclude that breast-fed infants most likely receives adequate vitamin E from the human milk compared with recommended dietary allowances for Korean infants. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1440-1445, 1998)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.160.1-160.1
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• 2003

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have spread throughout the global environment to threaten human health and damage ecosystems. with evidence of POPs contamination in wildlife, human blood. and breast milk documented worldwide. Breast milk is an ideal medium for assessing exposures to POPs. POPs enter humans largely as contaminants of dietary animal products, where they sequester in adipose tissue, serum, and breast milk and equilibrate at similar levels on a fat weight basis. (omitted)

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

Human breast milk is a potential source of bacteria for the development of the intestinal microbiota of infants. Several species within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were demonstrated to shape the gut microbiota of infants. In this study, the bacterial diversity was investigated in the breast milk and feces of a mother-infant pair, and probiotic candidates were identified. Importantly, the novel L. gasseri EJL and B. breve JTL strains were isolated from breast milk and infant feces samples, respectively; their completed genome was resolved using de novo sequencing. In addition, the bacterial composition in the infant's feces at 1 week revealed the prevalence of Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus; a higher diversity was observed after 3 weeks. In particular, the abundance of Akkermansia was sharply increased at 7 weeks, further increasing thereafter, up to 15 weeks. Our results suggest that human breast milk and infant's feces are a source of probiotic candidates.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to measure fat-soluble vitamins and minerals in breast milk of Korean lactating mothers who exclusively breastfed their babies. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Breast milk samples were collected from 334 mothers. Concentrations of retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet spectrometry while concentrations of minerals were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. RESULTS: Retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol contents of breast milk were $39.58{\pm}19.64{\mu}g/dL$ and $0.23{\pm}0.13mg/dL$, respectively. Average sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels in breast milk were $11.11{\pm}5.16$, $38.56{\pm}9.01$, $27.87{\pm}6.10$, $13.56{\pm}3.30$, and $3.05{\pm}0.65mg/dL$, respectively. Contents of trace elements such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese were $40.26{\pm}46.21$, $98.40{\pm}62.47$, $24.09{\pm}9.03$, and $0.90{\pm}1.63{\mu}g/dL$, respectively. Fat-soluble vitamin concentration was positively correlated with total fat in milk samples, but no significant differences were observed in levels of retinol, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, or minerals based on whether or not lactating women were taking dietary supplements. CONCLUSIONS: Micronutrient contents of breast milk samples from Korean lactating women were comparable to those of other nations. Retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol levels were correlated and also with total fat in breast milk.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.230-233
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• 1996

The purposes of this study was to investigate selenium content of human milk and selenium intake of breast-fed infants at each period of lactation longitudinally. The human milk intake in breast-fed infants was measured by test weighing method from 20 lactating mothers at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. Selenium content in the milks was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with hydride generation after wet digestion of samples. Selenium intake in breast-fed infants was calculated by multiplying human milk intakes by selenium contents. The milk intakes were 640, 726 and 715g/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. The selenium contents in human milk were characterized by a pattern of slight decline with advancing stage of lactation;13.1, 11.5 and 9.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/L at 1,2 and 3 months during lactation. There was a large individual variation at any stage of this study. The mean dietary selenium intakes in breast-fed infants were 8.38, 8.32 and 6.97$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum, respectively. The mean daily intakes on a body weight basis were gradually decreased during the course of lactation.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.167-176
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• 2019

Milk contains essential nutrients and functional compounds, such as calcium, fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, carotenoids, bioactive peptides, and sphingolipids. The bioactive molecules from milk are not expensive and have an added advantage of being derived from food. Therefore, they are more stable and have a broader spectrum than that of other chemicals. Bioactive milk components are useful for treating non-digestive tract disorders, such as cancer, cognitive decline, and hypertension. However, the clinical application of certain breast milk ingredients is limited due to the lack of a large-scale production technology. Once the scaled-up production of lactoferrin became possible, clinical applications were devised and evaluated. Similarly, human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (HAMLET) can be produced on a large scale as a recombinant protein in microorganisms or in transgenic cattle using suitable separation systems. HAMLET can be used to treat human skin papilloma and cancer. Studies on breast milk that explored the clinical applications of the bioactive components of breast milk have spurred the development of translational medicine and breast milk-derived therapeutics. Some breast-milk derived therapeutic agents are already available to clinicians. Many components of breast milk have shown efficacy in pre-clinical studies and have valid clinical evaluations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 1999

In order to investigate the longitudinal changes on zinc secretion of lactating women and zinc intake of breast-fed infants, we examined 20 lactating women(10 primipare and 10 multipare) and their infants during the first 90 days postpartum. We measured the consumed volume of human milk by test-weighing method and zinc concentration by atomic absorption spectophotometry after wet digestion. Weight gain of infants was -5.7, 54.1, 46.3, 42.0 and 32.3g/day at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days postpartum, respectively. The secretion volume of human milk was 527, 608, 724, 841 and 798g/day respectively. The consumed volume of human milk of breast-fed infants was 432, 503, 603, 715 and 715g/day. The intake level of breast milk to secretion volume reached 85.0% in average. The zinc concentration of the milk was 4.29, 3.32, 2.52, 1.62 and 1.18mg/l, and the zinc intake of breast-fed infants was 1.80, 1.69, 1.45, 1.15 and 0.70mg/day. Zine intake per body weight of infants averaged 0.32mg/kg/day during the first 90 days postpartum. The average zinc intake of breast-fed infants was 1.36mg/day, which is 27.2% of the recommended daily allowance for 0-4-month-old infants.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2019

A common belief is that human milk is sterile. However, the development of culture-independent molecular methods, especially Next Generation Sequencing, has revealed that human milk harbors diverse and rich bacterial communities. Although studies aimed at characterizing the microbiota of human milk have produced different findings, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are presumed to be normal members of the microbiota. Factors that influence variation in the microbiota are unclear; however, the postpartum time, route of delivery, maternal obesity, and health status may be influential. The origin of the microbiota is a hotly debated topic. Human milk bacteria are thought to be introduced through bacterial exposure of the mammary duct during breast feeding and/or the entero-mammary pathway from the maternal gastrointestinal tract. Although the exact mechanism related to the entero-mammary pathway is unknown, it is presumed that bacteria penetrate the intestinal epithelium and then migrate to the mammary gland, dendritic cells, and macrophages. In this review, various relevant studies are introduced.