• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.81-93
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• 2015

Purpose - "Showrooming" refers to the phenomenon where a shopper visits a store to see and compare products but makes the purchase online at a lower price. Surveys on showrooming activities at home and abroad indicate that a significant number of consumers pursue showrooming activities. The advent of "showroomers," who engage in buying activities, hovering both on and offline, while selectively choosing sales channels to suit their needs, is powerful enough to erode the borders between channels and bring about seismic changes in the distribution industry. However, surprisingly, there has been no in-depth discussion on showrooming. This study seeks to theoretically investigate what impact personal characteristics have on showrooming preferences and attitudes in a multi-channel environment. Specifically, assumptions have been made that price perception, perceived performance risk, and trust in online shopping not only have a direct impact on showrooming attitudes but also indirectly affect it through the means of contact motivation. Research design, data, and methodology - To test the hypotheses, this study conducted a survey of male and female shoppers, ages 20 through 40s, who live in metropolitan areas, and have actively showroomed fashion items in the last six months. A clothing item usually purchased after a careful decision-making process was chosen as the target product of the study. The survey was conducted between October and November 2014, using a professional survey service provider. A total of 200 surveys were collected, of which 198 were used for analysis. Conceptual model Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Amos 18.0 were employed for data analysis and model verification. In addition, following the confirmatory factor analysis and measurement model analysis, the theoretical model that corresponds to the research model was analyzed. Results - Analysis results show that price perception, perceived performance risk, and trust in online shopping have a statistically significant and positive (+) impact on showrooming attitudes. In addition, in terms of the indirect influence of price perception and perceived performance risk on showrooming attitudes through means of contact motivation, price perception had a statistically significant and positive impact on means of contact motivation, whereas perceived performance risk did not have a statistically significant impact on it, with the relevant hypothesis rejected. Conclusions - These analysis results imply that the ultimate goal of consumers is to maximize their shopping benefits by selectively and strategically taking advantage of different channels in a complementary manner. This study presents many implications for distributors to encourage a deep understanding of showrooming consumers who have complicated consumption behaviors and to build channel integration strategies. This study has limitations in theoretical and practical implications. Therefore, subsequent studies need to focus on verifying that showrooming activities are based on reasonable and planned decisions by applying the theory of reasoned or planned behavior. In addition, the scope of the study should expand to include web showrooming, where consumers conduct product research online and purchase offline.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.18-31
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• 2018

Rotorcrafts have more severe crashworthiness conditions than fixed wing aircraft owing to VTOL and hovering. Recently, with the increasing demand for highly efficient transportation system, application of composite materials to aircraft structures is increasing. However, due to the characteristics of composite materials that are susceptible to impact and crash, demand to prove the crashworthiness of composite structures is also increasing. The purpose of present study is to derive the structural concept of composite subfloor for rotorcrafts and verify it. In order to design a crashworthy composite subfloor, the conceptual design of the testbed helicopter for the demonstration and the derivation of energy absorbing requirement were carried out, and the composite energy absorber was designed and verified. Finally, the testbed for the demonstration of a crashworthy composite structure was fabricated, and performed free drop test. It was confirmed that the test results meet the criteria for ensuring occupant survivability.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2020

This purpose of this paper was to review the development trend of the VTOL MAVs with a ducted propellant that can fly like the VTOL at intermediate and high speeds, hovering, landing, and lifting off vertically over urban areas, warships, bridges, and mountainous terrains. The MAV differs in flight characteristics from helicopters and fixed wings in many respects. In addition to enhancing thrust, the duct protects personnel from accidental contact with the spinning rotor. The purpose of the U.S. Army FCS and DARPA's OAV program is spurring development of a the VTOL ducted MAV. Today's MAVs are equipped with video/infrared cameras to hover-and-stare at enemies hidden behind forests and hills for approximately one hour surveillance and reconnaissance. Class-I is a VTOL ducted MAV developed in size and weight that individual soldiers can store in their backpacks. Class-II is the development of an organic VTOL ducted fan MAV with twice the operating time and a wider range of flight than Class-I. MAVs will need to develop to perch-and-stare technology for lengthy operation on the current hover-and-stare. The near future OAV's concept is to expand its mission capability and efficiency with a joint operation that automatically lifts-off, lands, refuels, and recharges on the vehicle's landing pad while the manned-unmanned ground vehicle is in operation. A ducted MAV needs the development of highly accurate relative position technology using low cost and small GPS for automatic lift-off and landing on the landing pad. There is also a need to develop a common command and control architecture that enables the cooperative operation of organisms between a VTOL ducted MAV and a manned-unmanned ground vehicle.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 2018

This study validates the trading rules based market anomalies and technical analysis in the Korean stock market. For the analysis, we built decile portfolios on the basis of corporate characteristics factors that clearly demonstrate specific patterns of stock returns including the firm size, book-to-market equity, and accruals. This portfolio was used to develop a portfolio based on the moving average trading strategy which was used for popular technical analysis tools, and then that was evaluated using the Sharpe ratio. We also created a zero-cost portfolio to identify the profitability and success rate of the moving average trading strategy. We lastly sought to ensure a more robust evaluation by calculating the Sortino ratio of the portfolio based on the moving average trading strategy with various lags. Key findings from this validation are as follows. First, a smaller firm size, a higher book-to-market equity, and lower accruals led to larger average returns. Second, the risk-adjusted performance of the moving average trading strategy was the highest in terms of the firm size, followed by book-to-market equity and accruals. Third, the returns of the zero-cost portfolios all had a positive value, with its overall success rate hovering over 68.8%, demonstrating the successfulness of the moving average trading strategy. Fourth, various evaluations revealed the economic usefulness of our trading strategy that used market anomalies and technical analysis.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2014

Purpose: Helicopter parenting is an emerging concept as a way of rearing adolescents and adult children. However, helicopter parenting from a nursing perspective has not been elucidated. Therefore, we undertook a concept analysis to understand the attributes, antecedents and consequences of helicopter parenting in the context of nursing. Methods: Using Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis, we analyzed literature on helicopter parenting to discover critical attributes, antecedents, and consequences of this phenomenon. Data were collected from seven electronic search engines. Twelve studies matching inclusion criteria were reviewed. Results: Three core attributes of helicopter parenting were hovering, highly deep involvement, and proxy decision making. The antecedents and consequences were retrieved from three important domains including social, parent, and child aspects. Surrogate terms were black hawk, hummingbird, and hovercraft parenting, and related terms were stealth fighter and Kamikaze parenting. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, helicopter parenting has both positive and negative effects on both children and parents. To enhance the positive effects, measurement tools for helicopter parenting and nursing interventions on parenting need to be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.444-450
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• 2015

The accuracy of small and low cost CCD camera is insufficient to provide data for precisely tracking unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs). This study shows how UAV can hover on a human targeted tracking object by using CCD camera rather than imprecise GPS data. To realize this, UAVs need to recognize their attitude and position in known environment as well as unknown environment. Moreover, it is necessary for their localization to occur naturally. It is desirable for an UAV to estimate of his attitude by environment recognition for UAV hovering, as one of the best important problems. In this paper, we describe a method for the attitude of an UAV using image information of a maker on the floor. This method combines the observed position from GPS sensors and the estimated attitude from the images captured by a fixed camera to estimate an UAV. Using the a priori known path of an UAV in the world coordinates and a perspective camera model, we derive the geometric constraint equations which represent the relation between image frame coordinates for a marker on the floor and the estimated UAV's attitude. Since the equations are based on the estimated position, the measurement error may exist all the time. The proposed method utilizes the error between the observed and estimated image coordinates to localize the UAV. The Kalman filter scheme is applied for this method. its performance is verified by the image processing results and the experiment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.159-164
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• 2016

This paper reports the load factor logic design for a fly-by-wire helicopter flight envelope protection. As a helicopter is very complex system with a rotor, fuselage, engine, etc., there are many constraints on the flight region. Because of these constraints, pilots should consider them carefully and have a heavy workload, which causes controllability degradation. In this respect, automatic logic is needed to free the pilot from these considerations. As one of these logics, the flight envelope protection logic for the load factor of a FBW helicopter was designed. The flight to exceed the load factor is caused by an abrupt pitch cyclic stick change. In this scheme, the load factor limit logic was added between the pilot stick command block and pitch attitude command block. From the current load value, the available attitude range was calculated dynamically and simulated on the helicopter simulator model to verify the performance. A comparison of the simulation results at the hovering and forward speed region with and without applying the load limiting logic showed that the load factor limit was exceeded more than 20% when the logic was not applied, whereas with the load factor limit logic the load factor was within the limit. In conclusion, a dynamically allocated limitation logic to helicopter FBW controller was verified by simulation.

• Composites Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.64-69
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• 2007

Matrix dominant properties of composites are largely degraded under harmful environments such as temperature and humidity. Therefore we should consider the harmful environmental factors in the design of an UAV integral fuel tank subjected to high temperature and high humidity. The harmful environment experiment was performed for carbon/epoxy composites made of a unidirectional prepreg USN175B, and a plain woven fabric prepreg WSN3. The immersion experiment was performed under $90^{\circ}C$. The specimens were tested when the weight gam of specimen was saturated. The specimens were tested under $74^{\circ}C$ to obtain tensile and inplane shear properties. The results showed that the matrix dominant properties were extremely degraded by hygrothermal environment. To consider the variability of load, the anti-optimization method was applied. By using this method, the worst load case was found by comparing the load convex model and stability boundary. The stability boundary was obtained by analysis of the integral wing fuel tank of UAV using degraded properties. To do this, it was known that the worst load case of the integral wing fuel tank was the hovering mode load case.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 2023

Aircraft are representative of human-machine systems. There is a delay between the human operation and the completion of the machine operation such as when the machine starts to operate and when the force is transmitted to the machine and completed. Time perception is an important component of timing tasks and is known to be affected by the anxiety associated with high arousal. This research verified the impact of weather, flight, and time conditions on the anxiety and time perception of in-service pilots in a virtual reality area. Weather conditions were divided into visual flight weather conditions and very low visibility conditions. Experiments 1 and 2 were performed with different flight and time conditions. In Experiment 1, time perception was measured by employing a button added to the control rod in the scenario of hovering and level flight with relatively little transformed in momentum and little delay. In Experiment 2, time perception was measured in the procedure of naturally taking off the helicopter by employing only the control stick in a takeoff scenario where there was a lot of transformation in momentum and a lot of delays. As a result of the experiment, it was reported that anxiety and heart rate increased in very low visibility conditions In particular, among all flight conditions in Experiments 1 and 2, it was reported that time was overestimated in the scenario of increased anxiety. This outcome can lead to overestimation of time under the impact of anxiety and failure of the timing task, which may lead to challenges in maneuvering and possibly lead to accidents.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.57.4-58
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• 2021

Asteroids have undergone various processes such as impacts, space weathering, and thermal evolution. Because they expose their surfaces to space without atmosphere, these evolutional processes have been recorded directly on their surfaces. The remote-sensing observations have been conducted to reveal these evolutional histories of the target asteroids. For example, crater and boulder distributions are unambiguous evidence for past nondestructive impacts with other celestial bodies. Multiband and spectroscopic observations have revealed space-weathering history (as well as compositions). Whereas most physical quantities have been examined intensively using spacecraft and telescopes, only a little has been studied on "the grain size". It is one of the fundamental physical quantities for diagnosing the collisional and thermal history of asteroids. Our group has conducted polarimetric research of asteroids (as well as Moon [1]) to determine the particle size and further investigate the evolutional histories of target asteroids [2],[3]. For example, the existence of regolith on an S-type asteroid, Toutatis, was suggested almost twenty years before space exploration [4]. Moreover, we reported that near-Sun asteroids indicate a signature of submillimeter grains, which could be created by a thermal sintering process by solar radiation [5]. However, it is important to note that in-situ polarimetry has not been reported on the asteroid surface, although the Korean Lunar Exploration Program aims to do polarimetry on the lunar surface [6]. Therefore, it is expected that the polarizer mounted on the Korean Apophis spacecraft can make the first estimate of the grain size and its regional variation over the Apophis surface. In this presentation, we outline research of S-type asteroid surfaces through remote-sensing observations and consider the role of polarimetry. Based on this review, we consider the purpose, potentiality, and strategy of the polarimetry using the onboard device for the Apophis spacecraft. We will report a possible polarization phase curve of Apophis estimated from ordinary chondrites and past observational data of S-type asteroids, taking account of the space weathering effect. Based on this estimation, we will consider the strategy of how to determine the particle size (and space weathering degree) of the Apophis surface. We will also mention the detectability of dust hovering on the surface.